Method for receiving signal, by terminal of vulnerable road user, in wireless communication system

ABSTRACT

Disclosed herein is a method of receiving, by a terminal of a vulnerable road user (VRU), a signal in a wireless communication system. The method include receiving a message related to a safety service of the VRU from a network, and outputting a warning message based on comparing a field defining a geographic area, in which the safety service is provided, in the message and a position of the terminal, wherein the warning message is output based on determining that the terminal exists within the geographic area.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Field of the Invention

The present disclosure relates to a method of receiving a signal by aterminal in a wireless communication system and, more particularly, to amethod of receiving, by a terminal of a vulnerable road user (VRU), amessage related to a security service of the VRU.

Description of the Related Art

A vulnerable road user (VRU) terminal according to a conventional systemis operated to periodically transfer state information of VRU aroundthrough a predetermined message (e.g., personal safety message (PSM)).When notifying a state of the VRU through transport of the message, theVRU terminal encourages vehicles running nearby to efficiently recognizethe VRU and to operate in safety.

However, the VRU terminal according to the conventional system doesnothing but passively or only periodically send a message in a singledirection. Furthermore, since the VRU terminal repeats sleep & wakeup ata specific time and interval to reduce power consumption, the state ofthe VRU in a specific environment cannot be efficiently transferredaround so that the safety of the VRU cannot be efficiently ensured.

SUMMARY

In order to solve the above-described problem of the conventionalsystem, in a method of receiving a signal by a terminal of a vulnerableroad user (VRU) in a wireless communication system according to thepresent disclosure, it is disclosed that, when a message related to asafety service of the VRU within a predetermined geographic area isreceived from a network, a warning message is output or a configurationof the terminal is modified so that the safety service of the VRU isprovided more efficiently.

The technical objects to be achieved in an example or embodiment are notlimited to the above-mentioned technical objects, and other technicalobjects not mentioned herein will be clearly understood by those skilledin the art, to which an example or embodiment belongs, through thefollowing descriptions.

In order to achieve the above technical object, a method of receiving asignal by a terminal of a vulnerable road user (VRU) in a wirelesscommunication system may include: receiving, from a network, a messagerelated to a safety service of the VRU; and outputting a warning messagebased on comparing a field defining a geographic area, in which thesafety service is provided, in the message with a position of theterminal. In addition, the warning message may be output based ondetermining that the terminal exists within the geographical area.

Meanwhile, the field defining the geographic area may include a valuerelated to a type or size of the geographic area.

Meanwhile, the message may include a field related to a wakeup settingof the terminal. In addition, based on the field related to the wakeupsetting, the terminal may maintain a wakeup state for a predeterminedtime in the geographic area.

Meanwhile, the message may include a field that enables the terminal tomodify a creation interval of a message for the safety of the VRU. Inaddition, based on the field for modifying the creation interval of themessage, the terminal may create a message for the safety of the VRU inthe geographic area at a modified creation interval.

The message may include a field that requests a moving path of theterminal. In addition, based on the field that requests the moving path,the terminal may transmit, to the network, a message including aposition of the terminal within the geographic area, a moving path for apredetermined time or an expected moving path in the predetermined time.

A method of transmitting, by a network, a signal to a terminal in awireless communication system according to the present disclosure mayinclude: receiving traffic information in a preset geographic area froma server; and based on the traffic information, transmitting a messagerelated to a safety service of a vulnerable road user (VRU) within thegeographic area.

Meanwhile, the message may include a field defining the geographic area,and the field defining the geographic area may include a value relatedto a type or size of the geographic area.

Meanwhile, the message may include a field related to a wakeup settingof the terminal, and the field related to the wakeup setting mayindicate that the terminal will maintain a wakeup state for apredetermined time in the geographic area.

Meanwhile, the message may include a field that enables the terminal tomodify a creation interval of a message for safety of the VRU, and thefield for modifying the creation interval of the message may indicatethat the terminal will create the message for safety of the VRU in thegeographic area at a modified creation interval.

Meanwhile, the message may include a field that requests a moving pathof the terminal, and the field, which requests the moving path, mayindicate that the terminal will transmit a message including a positionof the terminal within the geographic area, a moving path for apredetermined time or an expected moving path in the predetermined time.

According to the present disclosure, it is possible to provide real-timesafety information to a vulnerable road user (VRU) by transmittingsafety-related warning to a VRU terminal with stand-alone operation. Inaddition, safety of neighboring vehicles around a VRU as well as that ofthe VRU may be efficiently ensured by controlling a transmission mode ofa VRU terminal that uses a manual transmission method. In addition, afurther optimized safety service may be provided by controlling anoperation of an application layer and a facility layer, which areindependently operated by a VRU terminal, at a VRU public safety center.The control of the VRU public safety center may include AlwaysWakeUpcontrol, genTime control, and Optional Field On/Off control.

The effects to be obtained in an example or embodiment are not limitedto the above-mentioned effects, and other effects not mentioned hereinwill be clearly understood by those skilled in the art, to which anexample or embodiment belongs, through the following descriptions.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The accompanying drawings, which are included to provide a furtherunderstanding of embodiment(s), illustrate various embodiments andtogether with the description of the specification serve to explain theprinciple of the specification.

FIG. 1 is a diagram illustrating a vehicle according to embodiment(s).

FIG. 2 is a control block diagram of the vehicle according toembodiment(s).

FIG. 3 is a control block diagram of an autonomous device according toembodiment(s).

FIG. 4 is a block diagram of the autonomous device according toembodiment(s).

FIG. 5 is a diagram showing the interior of the vehicle according toembodiment(s).

FIG. 6 is a block diagram referred to in description of a cabin systemfor the vehicle according to embodiment(s).

FIG. 7 is a diagram illustrating a reference structure of an IntelligentTransport System (ITS) station.

FIG. 8 is an exemplary structure of an ITS station that is designed andapplied based on the reference structure of the ITS station described inFIG. 7 .

FIG. 9 discloses an exemplary structure of the applications layer.

FIG. 10 discloses an exemplary structure of a facilities layer.

FIG. 11 is a description of a European ITS network & transport layerfunction.

FIG. 12 discloses a packet structure of a WAVE Short Message (WSM)generated according to WSMP.

FIG. 13 discloses an ITS access layer applied to IEEE 802.11p,Cellular-V2X (LTE-V2X, NR-V2X).

FIG. 14 is a structure for the main features of the MAC sub-layer andthe PHY layer of IEEE 802.11p.

FIG. 15 discloses the structure of an Enhanced Dedicated Channel Access(EDCA).

FIG. 16 discloses a structure of a transmitter of a physical layer.

FIG. 17 discloses a data flow in the MAC layer and the PHY layer ofCellular-V2X.

FIG. 18 discloses an example of processing for uplink transmission.

FIG. 19 discloses the structure of an LTE system to which an example orimplementation example can be applied.

FIG. 20 discloses a radio protocol architecture for a user plane towhich an example or implementation example may be applied.

FIG. 21 discloses a radio protocol structure for a control plane towhich an example or implementation example can be applied.

FIG. 22 discloses the structure of an NR system to which an example orimplementation can be applied.

FIG. 23 discloses a functional division between NG-RAN and 5GC to whichan example or implementation may be applied.

FIG. 24 discloses the structure of an NR radio frame to which an exampleor implementation can be applied.

FIG. 25 discloses a slot structure of an NR frame to which an example orimplementation can be applied.

FIG. 26 discloses an example in which a transmission resource to whichan example or implementation example can be applied is selected.

FIG. 27 discloses an example in which a PSCCH is transmitted in sidelinktransmission mode 3 or 4 to which an example or implementation isapplied.

FIG. 28 discloses an example of physical layer processing at thetransmission side to which an example or implementation is applied.

FIG. 29 discloses an example of physical layer processing at thereceiving side to which an example or implementation is applied.

FIG. 30 discloses a synchronization source or synchronization referencein V2X to which an example or implementation is applied.

FIG. 31 discloses an example of a scenario in which a BWP to which anexample or implementation is applied is set.

FIG. 32 discloses a configuration of a system providing a VRU publicsafety service.

FIG. 33 illustrates an example of a VRU public safety service.

FIGS. 34 to 35 disclose an operation of a VRU public safety servicecenter for a zone-based VRU public safety guidance service and anoperation of a VRU terminal.

FIG. 36 illustrates an example of a method of expressing a zone.

FIGS. 37 to 39 disclose a VSM configuration for a system operation.

FIG. 40 is a view for explaining power saving control based on VSM.

FIG. 41 is a view for explaining a configuration of ControlType andControlData.

FIG. 42 is a view for explaining a change of MessageGenTime of a VRUterminal through ControlType and ControlData at a VRU public safetycenter.

FIG. 43 is an example related to a controlling method for changing asetting of an optional field.

FIGS. 44 to 45 disclose a transmission method with an optional fieldbeing on/off according to zones.

FIG. 46 to FIG. 47 disclose a wireless communication device according toan example or implementation.

FIG. 48 to 49 disclose a transceiver of a wireless communication deviceaccording to an example or implementation.

FIG. 50 discloses an operation of a wireless device related to sidelinkcommunication according to an example or implementation.

FIG. 51 discloses an operation of a network node related to a sidelinkaccording to an example or implementation.

FIG. 52 discloses an implementation of a wireless device and a networknode according to an example or implementation.

FIG. 53 discloses a communication system according to an example orimplementation.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

In this document, the term “/” and “,” should be interpreted to indicate“and/or”. For instance, the expression “A/B” may mean “A and/or B”.Further, “A, B” may mean “A and/or B”. Further, “AB/C” may mean “atleast one of A, B, and/or C”. Also, “A, B, C” may mean “at least one ofA, B, and/or C”.

Further, in the document, the term “or” should be interpreted toindicate “and/or”. For instance, the expression “A or B” may comprise 1)only A, 2) only B, and/or 3) both A and B. In other words, the term “or”in this document should be interpreted to indicate “additionally oralternatively”.

1. Driving

(1) Exterior of Vehicle

FIG. 1 is a diagram illustrating a vehicle according to embodiment(s).Referring to FIG. 1 , a vehicle 10 according to embodiment(s) is definedas a transportation means traveling on roads or railroads. The vehicle10 includes a car, a train, and a motorcycle. The vehicle 10 may includean internal combustion engine vehicle having an engine as a powersource, a hybrid vehicle having an engine and a motor as a power source,and an electric vehicle having an electric motor as a power source. Thevehicle 10 may be a privately owned vehicle. The vehicle 10 may be ashared vehicle. The vehicle 10 may be an autonomous driving vehicle.

(2) Components of Vehicle

FIG. 2 is a control block diagram of the vehicle according toembodiment(s). Referring to FIG. 2 , the vehicle 10 may include a userinterface device 200, an object detection device 210, a communicationdevice 220, a driving operation device 230, a main electronic controlunit (ECU) 240, a driving control device 250, an autonomous drivingdevice 260, a sensing unit 270, and a position data generation device280. The object detection device 210, the communication device 220, thedriving operation device 230, the main ECU 240, the driving controldevice 250, the autonomous driving device 260, the sensing unit 270 andthe position data generation device 280 may be implemented by electronicdevices which generate electric signals and exchange the electricsignals with one another.

1) User Interface Device

The user interface device 200 is a device for communication between thevehicle 10 and a user. The user interface device 200 may receive userinput and provide information generated in the vehicle 10 to the user.The vehicle 10 may implement a user interface (UI) or user experience(UX) through the user interface device 200. The user interface device200 may include an input device, an output device, and a user monitoringdevice.

2) Object Detection Device

The object detection device 210 may generate information about objectsoutside the vehicle 10. Information about an object may include at leastone of information about presence or absence of the object, informationabout the position of the object, information about a distance betweenthe vehicle 10 and the object, or information about a relative speed ofthe vehicle 10 with respect to the object. The object detection device210 may detect objects outside the vehicle 10. The object detectiondevice 210 may include at least one sensor which may detect objectsoutside the vehicle 10. The object detection device 210 may include atleast one of a camera, a radar, a lidar, an ultrasonic sensor, or aninfrared sensor. The object detection device 210 may provide data aboutan object generated based on a sensing signal generated from a sensor toat least one electronic device included in the vehicle.

2.1) Camera

The camera may generate information about objects outside the vehicle 10using images. The camera may include at least one lens, at least oneimage sensor, and at least one processor which is electrically connectedto the image sensor, processes received signals, and generates dataabout objects based on the processed signals.

The camera may be at least one of a mono camera, a stereoscopic camera,or an around view monitoring (AVM) camera. The camera may acquireinformation about the position of an object, information about adistance to the object, or information about a relative speed withrespect to the object using various image processing algorithms. Forexample, the camera may acquire information about a distance to anobject and information about a relative speed with respect to the objectfrom an acquired image based on change in the size of the object overtime. For example, the camera may acquire information about a distanceto an object and information about a relative speed with respect to theobject through a pin-hole model, road profiling, or the like. Forexample, the camera may acquire information about a distance to anobject and information about a relative speed with respect to the objectfrom a stereoscopic image acquired from a stereoscopic camera based ondisparity information.

The camera may be mounted in a portion of the vehicle at which field ofview (FOV) may be secured in order to capture the outside of thevehicle. The camera may be disposed in proximity to a front windshieldinside the vehicle in order to acquire front view images of the vehicle.The camera may be disposed near a front bumper or a radiator grill. Thecamera may be disposed in proximity to a rear glass inside the vehiclein order to acquire rear view images of the vehicle. The camera may bedisposed near a rear bumper, a trunk, or a tail gate. The camera may bedisposed in proximity to at least one of side windows inside the vehiclein order to acquire side view images of the vehicle. Alternatively, thecamera may be disposed near a side mirror, a fender, or a door.

2.2) Radar

The radar may generate information about an object outside the vehicle10 using electromagnetic waves. The radar may include an electromagneticwave transmitter, an electromagnetic wave receiver, and at least oneprocessor which is electrically connected to the electromagnetic wavetransmitter and the electromagnetic wave receiver, processes receivedsignals, and generates data about an object based on the processedsignals. The radar may be implemented as a pulse radar or a continuouswave radar in terms of electromagnetic wave emission. The continuouswave radar may be implemented as a frequency modulated continuous wave(FMCW) radar or a frequency shift keying (FSK) radar according to signalwaveform. The radar may detect an object through electromagnetic wavesbased on time of flight (TOF) or phase shift and detect the position ofthe detected object, a distance to the detected object, and a relativespeed with respect to the detected object. The radar may be disposed atan appropriate position outside the vehicle in order to detect objectspositioned in front of, behind, or on the side of the vehicle.

2.3) Lidar

The lidar may generate information about an object outside the vehicle10 using a laser beam. The lidar may include a light transmitter, alight receiver, and at least one processor which is electricallyconnected to the light transmitter and the light receiver, processesreceived signals, and generates data about an object based on theprocessed signals. The lidar may be implemented as a TOF type or a phaseshift type. The lidar may be implemented as a driven type or anon-driven type. A driven type lidar may be rotated by a motor anddetect an object around the vehicle 10. A non-driven type lidar maydetect an object positioned within a predetermined range from thevehicle according to light steering. The vehicle 10 may include aplurality of non-driven type lidars. The lidar may detect an objectthrough a laser beam based on the TOF type or the phase shift type anddetect the position of the detected object, a distance to the detectedobject, and a relative speed with respect to the detected object. Thelidar may be disposed at an appropriate position outside the vehicle inorder to detect objects positioned in front of, behind, or on the sideof the vehicle.

3) Communication Device

The communication device 220 may exchange signals with devices disposedoutside the vehicle 10. The communication device 220 may exchangesignals with at least one of infrastructure (e.g., a server and abroadcast station), another vehicle, or a terminal. The communicationdevice 220 may include at least one of a transmission antenna, areception antenna, or a radio frequency (RF) circuit or an RF elementwhich may implement various communication protocols, in order to performcommunication.

For example, the communication device may exchange signals with externaldevices based on cellular V2X (C-V2X). For example, C-V2X may includeside-link communication based on LTE and/or side-link communicationbased on NR. Details related to C-V2X will be described later.

For example, the communication device may exchange signals with externaldevices based on dedicated short range communications (DSRC) or wirelessaccess in vehicular environment (WAVE) based on IEEE 802.11p physical(PHY)/media access control (MAC layer technology and IEEE 1609network/transport layer technology. DSRC (or WAVE) is communicationspecification for providing an intelligent transport system (ITS)service through short-range dedicated communication betweenvehicle-mounted devices or between a roadside device and avehicle-mounted device. DSRC may be a communication scheme that may usea frequency of 5.9 GHz and have a data transmission rate in the range of3 Mbps to 27 Mbps. IEEE 802.11p may be combined with IEEE 1609 tosupport DSRC (or WAVE).

The communication device of embodiment(s) may exchange signals withexternal devices using only one of C-V2X and DSRC. Alternatively, thecommunication device of embodiment(s) may exchange signals with externaldevices using a hybrid of C-V2X and DSRC.

4) Driving Operation Device

The driving operation device 230 is a device for receiving user inputfor driving. In a manual mode, the vehicle 10 may be driven based on asignal provided by the driving operation device 230. The drivingoperation device 230 may include a steering input device (e.g., asteering wheel), an acceleration input device (e.g., an acceleratorpedal), and a brake input device (e.g., a brake pedal).

5) Main ECU

The main ECU 240 may control the overall operation of at least oneelectronic device included in the vehicle 10.

6) Driving Control Device

The driving control device 250 is a device for electrically controllingvarious vehicle driving devices included in the vehicle 10. The drivingcontrol device 250 may include a powertrain driving control device, achassis driving control device, a door/window driving control device, asafety device driving control device, a lamp driving control device, andan air-conditioner driving control device. The powertrain drivingcontrol device may include a power source driving control device and atransmission driving control device. The chassis driving control devicemay include a steering driving control device, a brake driving controldevice, and a suspension driving control device. Meanwhile, the safetydevice driving control device may include a seat belt driving controldevice for seat belt control.

The driving control device 250 includes at least one electronic controldevice (e.g., an ECU).

The driving control device 250 may control vehicle driving devices basedon signals received by the autonomous device 260. For example, thedriving control device 250 may control a powertrain, a steering device,and a brake device based on signals received by the autonomous device260.

7) Autonomous Driving Device

The autonomous driving device 260 may generate a route for self-drivingbased on acquired data. The autonomous driving device 260 may generate adriving plan for traveling along the generated route. The autonomousdriving device 260 may generate a signal for controlling movement of thevehicle according to the driving plan. The autonomous device 260 mayprovide the generated signal to the driving control device 250.

The autonomous driving device 260 may implement at least one advanceddriver assistance system (ADAS) function. The ADAS may implement atleast one of adaptive cruise control (ACC), autonomous emergency braking(AEB), forward collision warning (FCW), lane keeping assist (LKA), lanechange assist (LCA), target following assist (TFA), blind spot detection(BSD), adaptive high beam assist (HBA), automated parking system (APS),a pedestrian collision warning system, traffic sign recognition (TSR),traffic sign assist (TSA), night vision (NV), driver status monitoring(DSM), or traffic jam assist (TJA).

The autonomous driving device 260 may perform switching from aself-driving mode to a manual driving mode or switching from the manualdriving mode to the self-driving mode. For example, the autonomousdriving device 260 may switch the mode of the vehicle 10 from theself-driving mode to the manual driving mode or from the manual drivingmode to the self-driving mode, based on a signal received from the userinterface device 200.

8) Sensing Unit

The sensing unit 270 may detect a state of the vehicle. The sensing unit270 may include at least one of an internal measurement unit (IMU)sensor, a collision sensor, a wheel sensor, a speed sensor, aninclination sensor, a weight sensor, a heading sensor, a positionmodule, a vehicle forward/backward movement sensor, a battery sensor, afuel sensor, a tire sensor, a steering sensor, a temperature sensor, ahumidity sensor, an ultrasonic sensor, an illumination sensor, or apedal position sensor. Further, the IMU sensor may include one or moreof an acceleration sensor, a gyro sensor, and a magnetic sensor.

The sensing unit 270 may generate vehicle state data based on a signalgenerated from at least one sensor. The vehicle state data may beinformation generated based on data detected by various sensors includedin the vehicle. The sensing unit 270 may generate vehicle attitude data,vehicle motion data, vehicle yaw data, vehicle roll data, vehicle pitchdata, vehicle collision data, vehicle orientation data, vehicle angledata, vehicle speed data, vehicle acceleration data, vehicle tilt data,vehicle forward/backward movement data, vehicle weight data, batterydata, fuel data, tire pressure data, vehicle internal temperature data,vehicle internal humidity data, steering wheel rotation angle data,vehicle external illumination data, data of a pressure applied to anacceleration pedal, data of a pressure applied to a brake pedal, etc.

9) Position Data Generation Device

The position data generation device 280 may generate position data ofthe vehicle 10. The position data generation device 280 may include atleast one of a global positioning system (GPS) or a differential globalpositioning system (DGPS). The position data generation device 280 maygenerate position data of the vehicle 10 based on a signal generatedfrom at least one of the GPS or the DGPS. According to an embodiment,the position data generation device 280 may correct position data basedon at least one of the IMU sensor of the sensing unit 270 or the cameraof the object detection device 210. The position data generation device280 may also be called a global navigation satellite system (GNSS).

The vehicle 10 may include an internal communication system 50. Aplurality of electronic devices included in the vehicle 10 may exchangesignals through the internal communication system 50. The signals mayinclude data. The internal communication system 50 may use at least onecommunication protocol (e.g., CAN, LIN, FlexRay, MOST or Ethernet).

(3) Components of Autonomous Driving Device

FIG. 3 is a control block diagram of the autonomous driving deviceaccording to embodiment(s). Referring to FIG. 3 , the autonomous drivingdevice 260 may include a memory 140, a processor 170, an interface 180,and a power supply 190.

The memory 140 is electrically connected to the processor 170. Thememory 140 may store basic data with respect to units, control data foroperation control of units, and input/output data. The memory 140 maystore data processed in the processor 170. Hardware-wise, the memory 140may be configured as at least one of a ROM, a RAM, an EPROM, a flashdrive, or a hard drive. The memory 140 may store various types of datafor overall operation of the autonomous driving device 260, such as aprogram for processing or control of the processor 170. The memory 140may be integrated with the processor 170. According to an embodiment,the memory 140 may be categorized as a subcomponent of the processor170.

The interface 180 may exchange signals with at least one electronicdevice included in the vehicle 10 by wire or wirelessly. The interface180 may exchange signals with at least one of the object detectiondevice 210, the communication device 220, the driving operation device230, the main ECU 240, the driving control device 250, the sensing unit270, or the position data generation device 280 in a wired or wirelessmanner. The interface 180 may be configured using at least one of acommunication module, a terminal, a pin, a cable, a port, a circuit, anelement, or a device.

The power supply 190 may provide power to the autonomous driving device260. The power supply 190 may be provided with power from a power source(e.g., a battery) included in the vehicle 10 and supply the power toeach unit of the autonomous driving device 260. The power supply 190 mayoperate according to a control signal supplied from the main ECU 240.The power supply 190 may include a switched-mode power supply (SMPS).

The processor 170 may be electrically connected to the memory 140, theinterface 180, and the power supply 190 and exchange signals with thesecomponents. The processor 170 may be implemented using at least one ofapplication specific integrated circuits (ASICs), digital signalprocessors (DSPs), digital signal processing devices (DSPDs),programmable logic devices (PLDs), field programmable gate arrays(FPGAs), processors, controllers, microcontrollers, microprocessors, orelectronic units for executing other functions.

The processor 170 may be operated by power supplied from the powersupply 190. The processor 170 may receive data, process the data,generate a signal, and provide the signal while power is being suppliedthereto.

The processor 170 may receive information from other electronic devicesincluded in the vehicle 10 through the interface 180. The processor 170may provide control signals to other electronic devices in the vehicle10 through the interface 180.

The autonomous driving device 260 may include at least one printedcircuit board (PCB). The memory 140, the interface 180, the power supply190, and the processor 170 may be electrically connected to the PCB.

(4) Operation of Autonomous Driving Device

FIG. 4 is a block diagram of the autonomous device according toembodiment(s).

1) Reception Operation

Referring to FIG. 4 , the processor 170 may perform a receptionoperation. The processor 170 may receive data from at least one of theobject detection device 210, the communication device 220, the sensingunit 270, or the position data generation device 280 through theinterface 180. The processor 170 may receive object data from the objectdetection device 210. The processor 170 may receive HD map data from thecommunication device 220. The processor 170 may receive vehicle statedata from the sensing unit 270. The processor 170 may receive positiondata from the position data generation device 280.

2) Processing/Determination Operation

The processor 170 may perform a processing/determination operation. Theprocessor 170 may perform the processing/determination operation basedon traveling situation information. The processor 170 may perform theprocessing/determination operation based on at least one of the objectdata, the HD map data, the vehicle state data, or the position data.

2.1) Driving Plan Data Generation Operation

The processor 170 may generate driving plan data. For example, theprocessor 170 may generate electronic horizon data. The electronichorizon data may be understood as driving plan data in a range from aposition at which the vehicle 10 is located to a horizon. The horizonmay be understood as a point a predetermined distance before theposition at which the vehicle 10 is located based on a predeterminedtraveling route. The horizon may refer to a point at which the vehiclemay arrive after a predetermined time from the position at which thevehicle 10 is located along a predetermined traveling route.

The electronic horizon data may include horizon map data and horizonpath data.

2.1.1) Horizon Map Data

The horizon map data may include at least one of topology data, roaddata, HD map data, or dynamic data. According to an embodiment, thehorizon map data may include a plurality of layers. For example, thehorizon map data may include a first layer that matches the topologydata, a second layer that matches the road data, a third layer thatmatches the HD map data, and a fourth layer that matches the dynamicdata. The horizon map data may further include static object data.

The topology data may be explained as a map created by connecting roadcenters. The topology data is suitable for approximate display of alocation of a vehicle and may have a data form used for navigation fordrivers. The topology data may be understood as data about roadinformation other than information on driveways. The topology data maybe generated based on data received from an external server through thecommunication device 220. The topology data may be based on data storedin at least one memory included in the vehicle 10.

The road data may include at least one of road slope data, roadcurvature data, or road speed limit data. The road data may furtherinclude no-passing zone data. The road data may be based on datareceived from an external server through the communication device 220.The road data may be based on data generated in the object detectiondevice 210.

The HD map data may include detailed topology information in units oflanes of roads, connection information of each lane, and featureinformation for vehicle localization (e.g., traffic signs, lanemarking/attribute, road furniture, etc.). The HD map data may be basedon data received from an external server through the communicationdevice 220.

The dynamic data may include various types of dynamic information whichmay be generated on roads. For example, the dynamic data may includeconstruction information, variable speed road information, roadcondition information, traffic information, moving object information,etc. The dynamic data may be based on data received from an externalserver through the communication device 220. The dynamic data may bebased on data generated in the object detection device 210.

The processor 170 may provide map data in a range from a position atwhich the vehicle 10 is located to the horizon.

2.1.2) Horizon Path Data

The horizon path data may be explained as a trajectory through which thevehicle 10 may travel in a range from a position at which the vehicle 10is located to the horizon. The horizon path data may include dataindicating a relative probability of selecting a road at a decisionpoint (e.g., a fork, a junction, a crossroad, or the like). The relativeprobability may be calculated based on a time taken to arrive at a finaldestination. For example, if a time taken to arrive at a finaldestination is shorter when a first road is selected at a decision pointthan that when a second road is selected, a probability of selecting thefirst road may be calculated to be higher than a probability ofselecting the second road.

The horizon path data may include a main path and a sub-path. The mainpath may be understood as a trajectory obtained by connecting roadshaving a high relative probability of being selected. The sub-path maybe branched from at least one decision point on the main path. Thesub-path may be understood as a trajectory obtained by connecting atleast one road having a low relative probability of being selected atleast one decision point on the main path.

3) Control Signal Generation Operation

The processor 170 may perform a control signal generation operation. Theprocessor 170 may generate a control signal based on the electronichorizon data. For example, the processor 170 may generate at least oneof a powertrain control signal, a brake device control signal, or asteering device control signal based on the electronic horizon data.

The processor 170 may transmit the generated control signal to thedriving control device 250 through the interface 180. The drivingcontrol device 250 may transmit the control signal to at least one of apowertrain 251, a brake device 252, or a steering device 253.

2. Cabin

FIG. 5 is a diagram showing the interior of the vehicle according toembodiment(s). FIG. 6 is a block diagram referred to in description of acabin system for a vehicle according to embodiment(s).

Referring to FIGS. 5 and 6 , a cabin system 300 for a vehicle(hereinafter, a cabin system) may be defined as a convenience system fora user who uses the vehicle 10. The cabin system 300 may be explained asa high-end system including a display system 350, a cargo system 355, aseat system 360, and a payment system 365. The cabin system 300 mayinclude a main controller 370, a memory 340, an interface 380, a powersupply 390, an input device 310, an imaging device 320, a communicationdevice 330, the display system 350, the cargo system 355, the seatsystem 360, and the payment system 365. According to embodiments, thecabin system 300 may further include components in addition to thecomponents described in this specification or may not include some ofthe components described in this specification.

1) Main Controller

The main controller 370 may be electrically connected to the inputdevice 310, the communication device 330, the display system 350, thecargo system 355, the seat system 360, and the payment system 365 andexchange signals with these components. The main controller 370 maycontrol the input device 310, the communication device 330, the displaysystem 350, the cargo system 355, the seat system 360, and the paymentsystem 365. The main controller 370 may be implemented using at leastone of application specific integrated circuits (ASICs), digital signalprocessors (DSPs), digital signal processing devices (DSPDs),programmable logic devices (PLDs), field programmable gate arrays(FPGAs), processors, controllers, microcontrollers, microprocessors, orelectronic units for executing other functions.

The main controller 370 may be configured as at least onesub-controller. The main controller 370 may include a plurality ofsub-controllers according to an embodiment. Each of the sub-controllersmay individually control grouped devices and systems included in thecabin system 300. The devices and systems included in the cabin system300 may be grouped by functions or grouped based on seats on which auser may sit.

The main controller 370 may include at least one processor 371. AlthoughFIG. 6 illustrates the main controller 370 including a single processor371, the main controller 371 may include a plurality of processors. Theprocessor 371 may be categorized as one of the above-describedsub-controllers.

The processor 371 may receive signals, information, or data from a userterminal through the communication device 330. The user terminal maytransmit signals, information, or data to the cabin system 300.

The processor 371 may identify a user based on image data received fromat least one of an internal camera or an external camera included in theimaging device. The processor 371 may identify a user by applying animage processing algorithm to the image data. For example, the processor371 may identify a user by comparing information received from the userterminal with the image data. For example, the information may includeat least one of route information, body information, fellow passengerinformation, baggage information, position information, preferredcontent information, preferred food information, disability information,or use history information of a user.

The main controller 370 may include an artificial intelligence (AI)agent 372. The AI agent 372 may perform machine learning based on dataacquired through the input device 310. The AI agent 371 may control atleast one of the display system 350, the cargo system 355, the seatsystem 360, or the payment system 365 based on machine learning results.

2) Essential Components

The memory 340 is electrically connected to the main controller 370. Thememory 340 may store basic data about units, control data for operationcontrol of units, and input/output data. The memory 340 may store dataprocessed in the main controller 370. Hardware-wise, the memory 340 maybe configured using at least one of a ROM, a RAM, an EPROM, a flashdrive, or a hard drive. The memory 340 may store various types of datafor the overall operation of the cabin system 300, such as a program forprocessing or control of the main controller 370. The memory 340 may beintegrated with the main controller 370.

The interface 380 may exchange signals with at least one electronicdevice included in the vehicle 10 by wire or wirelessly. The interface380 may be configured using at least one of a communication module, aterminal, a pin, a cable, a port, a circuit, an element, or a device.

The power supply 390 may provide power to the cabin system 300. Thepower supply 390 may be provided with power from a power source (e.g., abattery) included in the vehicle 10 and supply the power to each unit ofthe cabin system 300. The power supply 390 may operate according to acontrol signal supplied from the main controller 370. For example, thepower supply 390 may be implemented as a switched-mode power supply(SMPS).

The cabin system 300 may include at least one PCB. The main controller370, the memory 340, the interface 380, and the power supply 390 may bemounted on at least one PCB.

3) Input Device

The input device 310 may receive user input. The input device 310 mayconvert the user input into an electrical signal. The electrical signalconverted by the input device 310 may be converted into a control signaland provided to at least one of the display system 350, the cargo system355, the seat system 360, or the payment system 365. The main controller370 or at least one processor included in the cabin system 300 maygenerate a control signal based on the electrical signal received fromthe input device 310.

The input device 310 may include at least one of a touch input unit, agesture input unit, a mechanical input unit, or a voice input unit. Thetouch input unit may convert a user's touch input into an electricalsignal. The touch input unit may include at least one touch sensor fordetecting a user's touch input. According to an embodiment, the touchinput unit may realize a touchscreen through integration with at leastone display included in the display system 350. Such a touchscreen mayprovide both an input interface and an output interface between thecabin system 300 and a user. The gesture input unit may convert a user'sgesture input into an electrical signal. The gesture input unit mayinclude at least one of an infrared sensor or an image sensor to sense auser's gesture input. According to an embodiment, the gesture input unitmay detect a user's three-dimensional gesture input. To this end, thegesture input unit may include a plurality of light output units foroutputting infrared light or a plurality of image sensors. The gestureinput unit may detect a user's three-dimensional gesture input usingTOF, structured light, or disparity. The mechanical input unit mayconvert a user's physical input (e.g., press or rotation) through amechanical device into an electrical signal. The mechanical input unitmay include at least one of a button, a dome switch, a jog wheel, or ajog switch. Meanwhile, the gesture input unit and the mechanical inputunit may be integrated. For example, the input device 310 may include ajog dial device that includes a gesture sensor and is formed such thatit may be inserted into/ejected from a part of a surrounding structure(e.g., at least one of a seat, an armrest, or a door). When the jog dialdevice is parallel to the surrounding structure, the jog dial device mayserve as a gesture input unit. When the jog dial device is protrudedfrom the surrounding structure, the jog dial device may serve as amechanical input unit. The voice input unit may convert a user's voiceinput into an electrical signal. The voice input unit may include atleast one microphone. The voice input unit may include a beam formingmicrophone.

4) Imaging Device

The imaging device 320 may include at least one camera. The imagingdevice 320 may include at least one of an internal camera or an externalcamera. The internal camera may capture an image of the inside of thecabin. The external camera may capture an image of the outside of thevehicle. The internal camera may acquire an image of the inside of thecabin. The imaging device 320 may include at least one internal camera.It is desirable that the imaging device 320 include as many cameras asthe number of passengers who can be accommodated in the vehicle. Theimaging device 320 may provide an image acquired by the internal camera.The main controller 370 or at least one processor included in the cabinsystem 300 may detect a motion of a user based on an image acquired bythe internal camera, generate a signal based on the detected motion, andprovide the signal to at least one of the display system 350, the cargosystem 355, the seat system 360, or the payment system 365. The externalcamera may acquire an image of the outside of the vehicle. The imagingdevice 320 may include at least one external camera. It is desirablethat the imaging device 320 include as many cameras as the number ofdoors through which passengers can enter the vehicle. The imaging device320 may provide an image acquired by the external camera. The maincontroller 370 or at least one processor included in the cabin system300 may acquire user information based on the image acquired by theexternal camera. The main controller 370 or at least one processorincluded in the cabin system 300 may authenticate a user or acquire bodyinformation (e.g., height information, weight information, etc.) of auser, fellow passenger information of a user, and baggage information ofa user based on the user information.

5) Communication Device

The communication device 330 may wirelessly exchange signals withexternal devices. The communication device 330 may exchange signals withexternal devices through a network or directly exchange signals withexternal devices. External devices may include at least one of a server,a mobile terminal, or another vehicle. The communication device 330 mayexchange signals with at least one user terminal. The communicationdevice 330 may include an antenna and at least one of an RF circuit oran RF element which may implement at least one communication protocol inorder to perform communication. According to an embodiment, thecommunication device 330 may use a plurality of communication protocols.The communication device 330 may switch communication protocolsaccording to a distance to a mobile terminal.

For example, the communication device may exchange signals with externaldevices based on cellular V2X (C-V2X). For example, C-V2X may includeLTE based sidelink communication and/or NR based sidelink communication.Details related to C-V2X will be described later.

For example, the communication device may exchange signals with externaldevices based on dedicated short range communications (DSRC) or wirelessaccess in vehicular environment (WAVE) based on IEEE 802.11p PHY/MAClayer technology and IEEE 1609 network/transport layer technology. DSRC(or WAVE) is communication specification for providing an intelligenttransport system (ITS) service through short-range dedicatedcommunication between vehicle-mounted devices or between a roadsidedevice and a vehicle-mounted device. DSRC may be a communication schemethat may use a frequency of 5.9 GHz and have a data transfer rate in therange of 3 Mbps to 27 Mbps. IEEE 802.11p may be combined with IEEE 1609to support DSRC (or WAVE).

The communication device of embodiment(s) may exchange signals withexternal devices using only one of C-V2X and DSRC. Alternatively, thecommunication device of embodiment(s) may exchange signals with externaldevices using a hybrid of C-V2X and DSRC.

6) Display System

The display system 350 may display graphical objects. The display system350 may include at least one display device. For example, the displaysystem 350 may include a first display device 410 for common use and asecond display device 420 for individual use.

6.1) Display Device for Common Use

The first display device 410 may include at least one display 411 whichoutputs visual content. The display 411 included in the first displaydevice 410 may be realized by at least one of a flat panel display, acurved display, a rollable display, or a flexible display. For example,the first display device 410 may include a first display 411 which ispositioned behind a seat and formed to be inserted/ejected into/from thecabin, and a first mechanism for moving the first display 411. The firstdisplay 411 may be disposed so as to be inserted into/ejected from aslot formed in a seat main frame. According to an embodiment, the firstdisplay device 410 may further include a flexible area controlmechanism. The first display may be formed to be flexible and a flexiblearea of the first display may be controlled according to user position.For example, the first display device 410 may be disposed on the ceilinginside the cabin and include a second display formed to be rollable anda second mechanism for rolling or unrolling the second display. Thesecond display may be formed such that images may be displayed on bothsides thereof. For example, the first display device 410 may be disposedon the ceiling inside the cabin and include a third display formed to beflexible and a third mechanism for bending or unbending the thirddisplay. According to an embodiment, the display system 350 may furtherinclude at least one processor which provides a control signal to atleast one of the first display device 410 or the second display device420. The processor included in the display system 350 may generate acontrol signal based on a signal received from at least one of the maincontroller 370, the input device 310, the imaging device 320, or thecommunication device 330.

A display area of a display included in the first display device 410 maybe divided into a first area 411 a and a second area 411 b. The firstarea 411 a may be defined as a content display area. For example, thefirst area 411 may display at least one of graphical objectscorresponding to entertainment content (e.g., movies, sports, shopping,music, etc.), video conferences, food menus, or augmented realityscreens. The first area 411 a may display graphical objectscorresponding to traveling situation information of the vehicle 10. Thetraveling situation information may include at least one of objectinformation outside the vehicle, navigation information, or vehiclestate information. The object information outside the vehicle mayinclude information about presence or absence of an object, positionalinformation of the object, information about a distance between thevehicle and the object, and information about a relative speed of thevehicle with respect to the object. The navigation information mayinclude at least one of map information, information about a setdestination, route information according to setting of the destination,information about various objects on a route, lane information, orinformation about the current position of the vehicle. The vehicle stateinformation may include vehicle attitude information, vehicle speedinformation, vehicle tilt information, vehicle weight information,vehicle orientation information, vehicle battery information, vehiclefuel information, vehicle tire pressure information, vehicle steeringinformation, vehicle indoor temperature information, vehicle indoorhumidity information, pedal position information, vehicle enginetemperature information, etc. The second area 411 b may be defined as auser interface area. For example, the second area 411 b may display anAI agent screen. The second area 411 b may be located in an area definedby a seat frame according to an embodiment. In this case, a user mayview content displayed in the second area 411 b between seats. The firstdisplay device 410 may provide hologram content according to anembodiment. For example, the first display device 410 may providehologram content for each of a plurality of users such that only a userwho requests the content may view the content.

6.2) Display Device for Individual Use

The second display device 420 may include at least one display 421. Thesecond display device 420 may provide the display 421 at a position atwhich only an individual passenger may view display content. Forexample, the display 421 may be disposed on an armrest of a seat. Thesecond display device 420 may display graphic objects corresponding topersonal information of a user. The second display device 420 mayinclude as many displays 421 as the number of passengers who may ride inthe vehicle. The second display device 420 may realize a touchscreen byforming a layered structure along with a touch sensor or beingintegrated with the touch sensor. The second display device 420 maydisplay graphical objects for receiving user input for seat adjustmentor indoor temperature adjustment.

7) Cargo System

The cargo system 355 may provide items to a user at the request of theuser. The cargo system 355 may operate based on an electrical signalgenerated by the input device 310 or the communication device 330. Thecargo system 355 may include a cargo box. The cargo box may be hidden,with items being loaded in a part under a seat. When an electricalsignal based on user input is received, the cargo box may be exposed tothe cabin. The user may select a necessary item from articles loaded inthe cargo box. The cargo system 355 may include a sliding movingmechanism and an item pop-up mechanism in order to expose the cargo boxaccording to user input. The cargo system 355 may include a plurality ofcargo boxes in order to provide various types of items. A weight sensorfor determining whether each item is provided may be embedded in thecargo box.

8) Seat System

The seat system 360 may provide a user customized seat to a user. Theseat system 360 may operate based on an electrical signal generated bythe input device 310 or the communication device 330. The seat system360 may adjust at least one element of a seat based on acquired userbody data. The seat system 360 may include a user detection sensor(e.g., a pressure sensor) for determining whether a user sits on a seat.The seat system 360 may include a plurality of seats on which aplurality of users may sit. One of the plurality of seats may bedisposed to face at least one other seat. At least two users may setfacing each other inside the cabin.

9) Payment System

The payment system 365 may provide a payment service to a user. Thepayment system 365 may operate based on an electrical signal generatedby the input device 310 or the communication device 330. The paymentsystem 365 may calculate a price for at least one service used by theuser and request the user to pay the calculated price.

3. Vehicular Communications for ITS

Overview

ITS (Intelligent Transport System) using V2X (Vehicle-to-Everything) ismainly Access layer (access layer), Network & Transport layer(networking and transport layer), Facilities layer (facility layer),Application layer (application layer), Security (security) andManagement (management) may be composed of Entity (entity).

Vehicle-to-vehicle communication (V2V), vehicle-to-base stationcommunication (V2N, N2V), vehicle-to-RSU (Road-Side Unit) communication(V2I, I2V), RSU-to-RSU communication (I2I), vehicle-to-humancommunication It can be applied to various scenarios such ascommunication (V2P, P2V) and RSU-to-human communication (I2P, P2I). Avehicle, a base station, an RSU, a person, etc., which are the subjectof vehicle communication, are referred to as ITS stations.

Architecture

FIG. 7 is an ITS station reference architecture (reference structure)defined in ISO 21217/EN 302 665, and consists of an access layer,network & transport layer, facilities layer, entity for security andmanagement, and an application layer at the top. It follows the layeredOSI model.

The following describes the features of the ITS station referencestructure based on the OSI model of FIG. 7 . The access layer of the ITSstation corresponds to OSI layer 1 (physical layer) and layer 2 (datalink layer), and the network & transport layer of the ITS stationcorresponds to OSI layer 3 (network layer) and layer 4 (transportlayer), and the facilities layer of the ITS station corresponds to OSIlayer 5 (session layer), layer 6 (presentation layer) and layer 7(application layer).

The application layer located at the top of the ITS station implementsand supports the use-case and can be selectively used according to theuse-case. Management entity plays a role in managing all layersincluding communication and operation of ITS station. Security entityprovides security service for all layers. Each layer of ITS stationexchanges data transmitted or received through vehicle communication andadditional information for various purposes through mutual interface.The following is an abbreviated description of the various interfaces.

MA: Interface between management entity and application layer

MF: Interface between management entity and facilities layer

MN: Interface between management entity and networking & transport layer

MI: Interface between management entity and access layer

FA: Interface between facilities layer and ITS-S applications

NF: Interface between networking & transport layer and facilities layer

IN: Interface between access layer and networking & transport layer

SA: Interface between security entity and ITS-S applications

SF: Interface between security entity and facilities layer

SN: Interface between security entity and networking & transport layer

SI: Interface between security entity and access layer

FIG. 8 is an exemplary structure of an ITS station that can be designedand applied based on the reference structure of the ITS stationdescribed in FIG. 7 . The main concept of the structure of FIG. 7 is toallow communication processing to be divided into layers with a specialfunction possessed by each layer between two end vehicles/users composedof a communication network. That is, when a vehicle-to-vehicle messageis generated, data is passed through each layer down one layer at a timein the vehicle and the ITS system (or other ITS-relatedterminals/systems), and on the other side, the vehicle receiving themessage when the message arrives or ITS (or other ITS-relatedterminals/systems) is passed through one layer at a time.

The ITS system through vehicle communication and network is organicallydesigned in consideration of various access technologies, networkprotocols, communication interfaces, etc. to support various use-cases,and the roles and functions of each layer described below may be changedaccording to circumstances. The following briefly describes the mainfunctions of each layer:

Applications Layer

The application layer implements and supports various use-cases, andprovides, for example, safety and efficient traffic information andother entertainment information.

FIG. 9 discloses an example structure of an applications layer. Theapplication layer provides services by controlling the ITS station towhich the application belongs in various forms, or by delivering aservice message to the end vehicle/user/infrastructure through vehiclecommunication through the lower access layer, network & transport layer,and facilities layer. In this case, the ITS application may supportvarious use cases, and these use-cases may be grouped and supported byother applications such as road-safety, traffic efficiency, localservices, and infotainment. The application classification, use-case,etc. of FIG. 9 may be updated when a new application scenario isdefined. In FIG. 9 , layer management serves to manage and serviceinformation related to operation and security of the application layer,and related information includes MA (interface between management entityand application layer) and SA (interface between security entity andITS-S). applications) (or SAP: Service Access Point, e.g. MA-SAP,SA-SAP) through bidirectional delivery and sharing. The transfer ofservice messages and related information from the application layer tothe facilities layer or from the facilities layer to the applicationlayer is performed through FA (interface between facilities layer andITS-S applications or FA-SAP).

Facilities Layer

The Facilities layer plays a role in supporting the effectiverealization of various use-cases defined in the upper application layer,for example, application support, information support, andsession/communication support.

FIG. 10 shows an exemplary structure of a facilities layer. The facilitylayer basically supports the upper 3 layers of the OSI model, (e.g.session layer, presentation layer, application layer, and functions).Specifically, as shown in FIG. 10 for ITS, facilities such asapplication support, information support, session/communication support,etc. are provided. Here, facilities means a component that providesfunctionality, information, and data.

[Application support facilities]: Facilities supporting the operation ofthe ITS application (mainly message generation for ITS, transmission andreception with lower layers, and management thereof) include CA(Cooperative Awareness) basic service and DEN (DecentralizedEnvironmental Notification) basic service. In the future, facilitiesentities for new services such as Cooperative Adaptive Cruise Control(CACC), Platooning, Vulnerable Roadside User (VRU), and CollectivePerception Service (CPS) and related messages may be additionallydefined.

[Information support facilities]: Facilities that provide common datainformation or database to be used by various ITS applications includeLocal Dynamic Map (LDM).

[Session/communication support facilities]: Facilities that provideservices for communications and session management include addressingmode and session support.

Also, facilities can be divided into common facilities and domainfacilities as shown in FIG. 10 .

[Common facilities]: It is a facility that provides common services orfunctions necessary for various ITS applications and ITS stationoperation, such as time management, position management, and servicemanagements.

[Domain facilities]: These are facilities that provide special servicesor functions required only for some (one or more) ITS applications, suchas DEN basic service for road hazard warning applications (RHW). Domainfacilities are optional functions and are not used unless supported bythe ITS station.

In FIG. 10 , layer management serves to manage and service informationrelated to the operation and security of the facilities layer, and therelated information includes MF (interface between management entity andfacilities layer) and SF (interface between security entity andfacilities layer) (or MF-SAP, SF-SAP) is transmitted and shared in bothdirections. The transfer of service messages and related informationfrom the application layer to the facilities layer or from thefacilities layer to the application layer is done through FA (orFA-SAP), and the bidirectional service message and related informationbetween the facilities layer and lower networking & transport layerInformation is transmitted by NF (interface between networking &transport layer and facilities layer, or NF-SAP).

Network & Transport Layer

It plays a role in composing a network for vehicle communication betweenhomogenous or heterogeneous networks through support of varioustransport protocols and network protocols. For example, it providesinternet access, routing, and vehicle network using internet protocolssuch as TCP/UDP+IPv6, and can form vehicle networks using BTP (BasicTransport Protocol) and GeoNetworking-based protocols. In this case,networking using geographic location information may also be supported.The vehicle network layer may be designed or configured depending on thetechnology used for the access layer (access layertechnology-dependent), and regardless of the technology used for theaccess layer (access layer technology-independent, access layertechnology agnostic) can be configured.

FIG. 11 is a description of a European ITS network & transport layerfunction. Basically, the functions of the ITS network & transport layerare similar to or identical to those of OSI 3 layers (network layer) and4 layers (transport layer), and have the following characteristics.

[Transport layer]: The transport layer is a connection layer thatdelivers service messages and related information provided from upperlayers (session layer, presentation layer, application layer) and lowerlayers (network layer, data link layer, physical layer). It plays a rolein managing so that the sent data arrives in the application process ofthe destination ITS station accurately. As an example, transportprotocols that can be considered in European ITS include TCP and UDPused as existing Internet protocols as shown in FIG. 11 , and there aretransport protocols only for ITS such as BTS.

[Network layer]: The network layer plays a role in determining a logicaladdress and packet forwarding method/path, and adding information suchas the logical address and forwarding path/method of the destination tothe packet provided from the transport layer to the header of thenetwork layer. As an example of the packet method, unicast (unicast),broadcast (broadcast), multicast (multicast), etc. between ITS stationsmay be considered. A networking protocol for ITS can be considered invarious ways, such as GeoNetworking, IPv6 networking with mobilitysupport, and IPv6 over GeoNetworking. In addition to simple packettransmission, the GeoNetworking protocol can apply various forwardingroutes or delivery ranges, such as forwarding using the locationinformation of stations including vehicles or forwarding using thenumber of forwarding hops.

In FIG. 11 , layer management serves to manage and service informationrelated to operation and security of the network & transport layer, andrelated information includes MN (interface between management entity andnetworking & transport layer, or MN-SAP) and SN. It is transmitted andshared in both directions through (interface between security entity andnetworking & transport layer, or SN-SAP). The bidirectional servicemessage and related information transfer between the facilities layerand the networking & transport layer is accomplished by NF (or NF-SAP),and the exchange of service messages and related information between thenetworking & transport layer and the access layer is performed by IN(interface between access). layer and networking & transport layer, orIN-SAP).

North American ITS network & transport layer supports IPv6 and TCP/UDPto support existing IP data like Europe, and WSMP (WAVE Short MessageProtocol) is defined as a protocol only for ITS.

FIG. 12 is a diagram illustrating a packet structure of a WAVE ShortMessage (WSM) generated according to WSMP, and is composed of a WSMPHeader and WSM data through which a message is transmitted. The WSMPheader consists of version, PSID, WSMP header extension field, WSM WAVEelement ID, and length.

Version is defined by a WsmpVersion field indicating the actual WSMPversion of 4 bits and a reserved field of 4 bits.

PSID is a provider service identifier, which is allocated according tothe application in the upper layer, and helps the receiver to determinethe appropriate upper layer.

Extension fields are fields for extending the WSMP header, andinformation such as channel number, data-rate, and transmit power usedis inserted.

WSMP WAVE element ID specifies the type of WAVE short message to betransmitted.

Length designates the length of WSM data transmitted through theWSMLength field of 12 bits in octets unit, and the remaining 4 bits arereserved.

The LLC Header has a function that allows to transmit IP data and WSMPdata separately, and is distinguished through the Ethertype of SNAP. Thestructure of LLC header and SNAP header is defined in IEEE802.2. Whentransmitting IP data, Ethertype is set to 0x86DD to configure the LLCheader. When WSMP is transmitted, Ethertype is set to 0x88DC toconfigure the LLC header. In the case of the receiver, the Ethertype ischecked and, in case of 0x86DD, the packet is uploaded to the IP datapath, and in case of Ethertype of 0x88DC, the packet is uploaded andsent to the WSMP path.

Access Layer

The access layer plays a role in transmitting the message or datareceived from the upper layer through the physical channel. As an accesslayer technology, ITS-G5 vehicle communication technology based on IEEE802.11p, satellite/broadband wireless mobile communication technology,2G/3G/4G (LTE (Long-Term Evolution), etc.)/5G wireless cellularcommunication technology, cellular-V2X vehicle-specific communicationtechnologies such as LTE-V2X and NR-V2X (New Radio), broadbandterrestrial digital broadcasting technology such as DVB-T/T2/ATSC3.0,and GPS technology can be applied.

FIG. 13 is a configuration of an ITS access layer that is universallyapplied to IEEE 802.11p, Cellular-V2X (LTE-V2X, NR-V2X), and thefunction is similar to OSI 1 layer (Physical layer) and 2 layer (DataLink layer). or the same and have the following characteristics:

Data Link Layer:

The data link layer is a layer that converts a noisy physical linebetween adjacent nodes (or between vehicles) into a communicationchannel without transmission error so that the upper network layer canuse it. Framing function to group data by dividing it into packets (orframes) as a transmission unit, Flow Control function to compensate forthe speed difference between the sending side and the receiving side,(Error and noise due to the characteristics of the physical transmissionmedium A function of detecting and correcting transmission errors ordetecting transmission errors through timers and ACK signals at thesender using a timer and ACK signal using ARQ (Automatic Repeat Request)and retransmitting packets that have not been correctly received, etc.carry out In addition, in order to avoid confusion with the packet orACK signal, a function to assign a sequence number (serial number) tothe packet and ACK signal and the function to control the establishment,maintenance, short circuit and data transmission of data links betweennetwork entities are also performed. LLC (Logical Link Control), RRC(Radio Resource Control), PDCP (Packet Data Convergence Protocol), RLC(Radio Link Control), MAC (Medium Access Control), MCO (Multi-channel)constituting the data link layer of FIG. 13 . Operation) The mainfunctions of the sub-layer are as follows.

LLC sub-layer: It allows the use of several different lower MAC sublayerprotocols, allowing communication independent of the network topology.

RRC sub-layer: Cell system information broadcast required for allterminals in the cell, paging message delivery management, RRCconnection management between the terminal and E-UTRAN(establishment/maintenance/release), mobility management (handover), UEcontext transfer between eNodeB s during handover, terminal (UE)measurement report and control information, terminal (UE) capabilitymanagement, temporary assignment of cell ID to the UE, securitymanagement including key management, and RRC message encryption.

PDCP sub-layer: It can perform IP packet header compression throughcompression methods such as ROHC (Robust Header Compression), andperforms functions such as encryption of control messages and user data,data integrity, and data loss prevention during handover.

RLC sub-layer: Through packet segmentation/concatenation, data istransmitted by matching the packet from the upper PDCP layer to theallowable size of the MAC layer, and data transmission reliability isimproved through transmission error and retransmission management, theorder of received data is checked, Perform rearrangement, duplicatecheck, etc.

MAC sub-layer: For the use of shared media by multiple nodes, control ofoccurrence of collision/contention between nodes, the function ofmatching the packets delivered from the upper layer to the physicallayer frame format, the assignment and identification of sender/receiveraddresses, carrier detection, collision detection, physical media Itplays a role, such as detecting disturbances in the phase.

MCO sub-layer: It makes it possible to effectively provide variousservices using a plurality of frequency channels, and its main functionis to effectively distribute the traffic load in a specific frequencychannel to other channels to prevent collision/collision ofcommunication information between vehicles in each frequency channel.Minimize contention.

Physical layer: As the lowest layer in the ITS hierarchy, it defines theinterface between the node and the transmission medium, and performsmodulation, coding, and mapping of the transport channel to the physicalchannel for bit transmission between data link layer entities, andcarrier sensing, and performs a function of notifying the MAC sublayerof whether the wireless medium is in use (busy or idle) through ClearChannel Assessment (CCA).

IEEE 802.11p MAC Sub-Layer/PHY Layer Main Features

FIG. 14 is a structure for the main features of the MAC sub-layer andthe PHY layer of IEEE 802.11p. The structure of FIG. 14 includes achannel coordination part where channel access is defined, a channelrouting part defining an operation process of overall data andmanagement frames between PHY-MACs, and an Enhanced Dedicated Channel(EDCA) that determines and defines the priority of a transmitted frame.Access) part, and data buffers (queues) part that stores frames inputfrom the upper layer. A description of each part of the structure is asfollows:

Channel coordination: It is divided into CCH (Control Channel) and SCH(Service Channel), and channel access can be defined.

Data buffers (queues): Performs a function of storing frames input fromthe upper layer according to a defined AC (Access Category), and haseach data buffer for each AC as shown in FIG. 14 .

Channel routing: It performs the function of transferring the data inputfrom the upper layer to the data buffer (queue), and calls thetransmission operation parameters such as Channel Coordination, thechannel number for frame transmission, transmission power, and data ratein response to the transmission request of the upper layer. perform thefunction.

EDCA: FIG. 15 discloses an EDCA operation structure. As a method toensure QoS in the existing IEEE 802.11e MAC layer, it is divided intofour AC (Access Category) according to the type of traffic, giving eachcategory a differentiated priority, and assigning a differentiatedparameter to each AC to ensure high priority. It is a contention-basedmedia approach that gives more transmission opportunities to the trafficof For data transmission including priorities, EDCA assigns 8 prioritiesfrom 0-7, and maps data arriving at the MAC layer to 4 ACs according topriorities. Every AC has its own transmission queue and AC parameter,and the difference in priority between ACs is determined from the ACparameter values set differently. It has a different channel accesspriority because it is connected to the back-off to the AC parametervalues set differently. When a collision between stations occurs duringframe transmission, a new backoff counter is created. As shown in FIG.15 , the four AC-specific transmission queues defined in IEEE 802.11eMAC individually compete with each other for wireless medium accesswithin one station. Since each AC has an independent backoff counter, avirtual collision can occur. If there are two or more ACs that havecompleted backoff at the same time, data is transmitted to the AC withthe highest priority first, and the other ACs increase the CW value andupdate the backoff counter again. This conflict resolution process iscalled virtual conflict handling process. EDCA also allows access to achannel when transmitting data through a Transmission Opportunity(TXOP). If one frame is too long and cannot be transmitted during oneTXOP, it can be cut into small frames and transmitted.

FIG. 16 discloses a structure of a transmitter of a physical layer. FIG.16 shows a signal processing block diagram of a physical layer assumingIEEE 802.11p OFDM (orthogonal frequency division multiplexing),scrambling, Forward Error Correction (FEC), interleaver, mapper, pilotinsertion, IFFT (Inverse Fast Fourier Transform), PLCP sub-layerbaseband signal processing composed of guard insertion, preambleinsertion, etc. and PMD sub-layer RF band signal processing composed ofwave shaping (including In-phase/Quadrature-phase modulation), DAC(Digital Analog Converter), etc. can be divided into parts. The functiondescription for each block is as follows.

The scrambler block randomizes the input bit stream by XORing it withPRBS (Pseudo Random Binary Sequence). The block may be omitted orreplaced by another block having a similar or identical function.

In the scrambler output bit stream, redundancy is added through aforward error coding (FEC) process, so that an error on the transmissionchannel can be corrected at the receiving end. The block may be omittedor replaced by another block having a similar or identical function.

(Bit) The interleaver block interleaves the input bit stream accordingto the interleaving rule so as to be robust against burst errors thatmay occur during the transmission channel. When deep fading or erasureis applied to a QAM symbol, since interleaved bits are mapped to eachQAM symbol, it is possible to prevent an error from occurring inconsecutive bits among all codeword bits. The block may be omitted orreplaced by another block having a similar or identical function.

The constellation mapper block allocates an input bit word to oneconstellation, and the block may be omitted or replaced by another blockhaving a similar or identical function.

The pilot insertion block inserts reference signals at a predeterminedposition for each signal block, and is used in the receiver to estimatethe channel and channel distortion such as frequency offset and timingoffset. The block may be omitted or replaced by another block having asimilar or identical function.

The inverse waveform transform block transforms and outputs the inputsignal in such a way that transmission efficiency and flexibility areimproved in consideration of the characteristics of the transmissionchannel and the system structure. As an embodiment, in the case of anOFDM system, a method of converting a frequency domain signal into atime domain using an inverse FFT operation may be used. The inversewaveform transform block may not be used in the case of a single carriersystem. The block may be omitted or replaced by another block having asimilar or identical function.

The guard sequence insertion block provides a guard interval betweenadjacent signal blocks in order to minimize the effect of delay spreadof the transport channel, and inserts a specific sequence if necessaryto facilitate synchronization or channel estimation of the receiver. Asan embodiment, in the case of an OFDM system, a method of inserting acyclic prefix into a guard interval of an OFDM symbol may be used. Theblock may be omitted or replaced by another block having a similar oridentical function.

The preamble insertion block inserts a known type of signal promisedbetween transceivers into the transmission signal so that the receivercan quickly and efficiently detect the target system signal. As anembodiment, in the case of an OFDM system, a method of defining atransmission frame composed of several OFDM symbols and inserting apreamble symbol at the beginning of each transmission frame may be used.The block may be omitted or replaced by another block having a similaror identical function.

The waveform processing block performs waveform processing on the inputbaseband signal to match the transmission characteristics of thechannel. As an embodiment, a method of performing square-root-raisedcosine (SRRC) filtering to obtain a standard of out-of-band emission ofa transmission signal may be used. Waveform processing block may not beused in case of multi-carrier system. The block may be omitted orreplaced by another block having a similar or identical function.

Finally, the DAC block converts an input digital signal into an analogsignal and outputs it, and the DAC output signal (in this embodiment) istransmitted to an output antenna. The block may be omitted or replacedby another block having a similar or identical function.

LTE-V2X PHY/MAC Main Features

The following describes the elements of the device-to-devicecommunication (D2D) technique, which is the main characteristic ofcellular-V2X (LTE-V2X, NR-V2X) communication.

The data flow in the MAC layer and the PHY layer of cellular-V2X may beconfigured as shown in FIG. 17 below.

In FIG. 17 , “H” indicates headers and subheaders. A radio bearer is apath between a UE and a BS, used when user data or signaling passesthrough a network. In other words, the radio bearer is a pipe thatcarries user data or signaling between the UE and the BS. Radio bearersare classified into data radio bearers (DRBs) for user plane data andsignaling radio bearers (SRBs) for control plane data. For example, SRBsare radio bearers used only for transmission of RRC and NAS messages,and DRBs are used to carry user data.

When the UE is the transmitting end, packets including user datagenerated by the application(s) of the UE are provided to layer 2 (i.e,L2) of the NR. The UE may be an MTC device, an M2M device, a D2D device,an IoT device, a vehicle, a robot, or an AI module. In implementationsof the present specification, the packet containing data generated bythe application of the UE may be an Internet protocol (IP) packet, anaddress resolution protocol (ARP) packet(s), or a non-IP packet.

Layer 2 of NR is divided into the following sublayers: medium accesscontrol (MAC), radio link control (RLC), packet data convergenceprotocol (PDCP) and service data Adaptation protocol (service dataadaptation protocol, SDAP). SDAP, a protocol layer not found in LTEsystems, provides QoS flows to NGC. For example, SDAP supports mappingbetween QoS flows and data radio bearers. In the LTE system, an IP PDUincluding an IP packet may be a PDCP SDU in the PDCP layer. PDCP inimplementations of this specification may support efficient transport ofIP, ARP and/or non-IP packets to/from a wireless link. The RLC generatesan RLC PDU and provides the RLC PDU to the MAC. The MAC layer is locatedbetween the RLC layer and the physical layer (PHY layer) that is layer 1(i.e, L1). The MAC layer is coupled to the RLC layer via logicalchannels and to the PHY layer via transport channels. The MAC generatesa MAC PDU and provides it to the PHY, and the MAC PDU corresponds to atransport block in the PHY layer. The transport block is transmittedthrough a physical channel through signal processing.

In the case of the receiving end, a transport block obtained through asignal processing process for data received through a physical channelis transferred from the PHY layer to the layer 2. The receiving end maybe a UE or a BS. The transport block is a MAC PDU in the MAC layer oflayer 2. The MAC PDU is provided to the application layer through thelayer 2 and IP, ARP or non-IP protocol.

The wireless protocol stack in the 3GPP system is largely divided into aprotocol stack for a user plane and a protocol stack for a controlplane. The user plane, also called the data plane, is used to carry usertraffic (i.e, user data). The user plane handles user data such as voiceand data. In contrast, the control plane handles control signalingrather than user data between the UE and the UE or between the UE andthe network node. In the LTE system, the protocol stack for the userplane in the NR system includes PDCP, RLC, MAC and PHY, and the protocolstack for the user plane in the NR system includes SDAP, PDCP, RLC, MACand PHY. The protocol stack for the control plane in the LTE system andthe NR system includes PDCP, RLC, and MAC terminated at the BS at thenetwork end, and, in addition, radio resource control (RRC), which is anupper layer of PDCP, and the upper layer of RRC includes a non-accessstratum (NAS) control protocol. The NAS protocol terminates at theaccess and mobility management function (AMF) of the core network at thenetwork end, and performs mobility management and bearer management. RRCsupports transmission of NAS signaling, and performs efficientmanagement of radio resources and required functions. For example, RRCsupports the following functions: broadcasting of system information;Establishment (establishment), maintenance (maintenance) and release(release) of the RRC connection between the UE and the BS;establishment, establishment, maintenance and release of radio bearers;UE measurement reporting and control of reporting; detection andrecovery of radio link failure; NAS message transfer to/from the NAS ofthe UE.

The RRC message/signaling by or from the BS in this specification is theRRC message/signaling that the RRC layer of the BS sends to the RRClayer of the UE. The UE is configured or operates based on aninformation element (IE) that is a set of parameter(s) or parameter(s)included in the RRC message/signaling from the BS.

FIG. 18 discloses an example of processing for uplink transmission.

Each of the blocks shown in FIG. 18 may be performed in each module in aphysical layer block of the transmission device. More specifically, theuplink signal processing in FIG. 18 may be performed by a processor ofthe UE/BS described in this specification. Referring to FIG. 18 , uplinkphysical channel processing includes scrambling, modulation mapping,layer mapping, transform precoding, precoding, and resource elementmapping (resource element mapping) and SC-FDMA signal generation(SC-FDMA signal generation) may be performed through the process. Eachof the above processes may be performed separately or together in eachmodule of the transmission device. The transform precoding is to spreadthe UL data in a special way that reduces the peak-to-average powerratio (PAPR) of the waveform, and a discrete Fourier transform (discreteFourier transform, it is a type of DFT). OFDM using CP with transformprecoding performing DFT spreading is called DFT-s-OFDM, and OFDM usingCP without DFT spreading is called CP-OFDM. When enabled for UL in theNR system, transform precoding may be optionally applied. That is, theNR system supports two options for the UL waveform, one of which isCP-OFDM and the other is DFT-s-OFDM. Whether the UE should use CP-OFDMas the UL transmission waveform or DFT-s-OFDM as the UL transmissionwaveform is provided from the BS to the UE through RRC parameters. 18 isa conceptual diagram of uplink physical channel processing forDFT-s-OFDM, and in the case of CP-OFDM, transform precoding is omittedamong the processes of FIG. 18 .

In more detail, the transmission device may scramble coded bits in thecodeword for one codeword by a scrambling module and then transmit itthrough a physical channel. Here, the codeword is obtained by encodingthe transport block. The scrambled bits are modulated intocomplex-valued modulation symbols by a modulation mapping module. Themodulation mapping module may modulate the scrambled bits according to apredetermined modulation scheme and arrange the scrambled bits as acomplex value modulation symbol representing a position on a signalconstellation. pi/2-Binary Phase Shift Keying (pi/2-BPSK), m-Phase ShiftKeying (m-PSK), or m-Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (m-QAM) may be usedfor modulation of the encoded data. The complex value modulation symbolmay be mapped to one or more transport layers by a layer mapping module.Complex value modulation symbols on each layer may be precoded by aprecoding module for transmission on an antenna port. When transformprecoding is enabled, the precoding module may perform precoding afterperforming transform precoding on complex value modulation symbols asshown in FIG. 18 . The precoding module may process the complex valuemodulation symbols in a MIMO method according to multiple transmitantennas to output antenna-specific symbols, and distribute theantenna-specific symbols to a corresponding resource element mappingmodule. The output z of the precoding module can be obtained bymultiplying the output y of the layer mapping module by the precodingmatrix W of N×M. Here, N is the number of antenna ports, and M is thenumber of layers.

The resource element mapping module maps the demodulation valuemodulation symbols for each antenna port to an appropriate resourceelement in a resource block allocated for transmission. The resourceelement mapping module may map complex-valued modulation symbols toappropriate subcarriers and multiplex them according to users. TheSC-FDMA signal generating module (CP-OFDM signal generating module whentransform precoding is disabled) modulates a complex-valued modulationsymbol using a specific modulation scheme, e.g., OFDM, in acomplex-valued time domain. time domain) OFDM (Orthogonal FrequencyDivision Multiplexing) symbol signals may be generated. The signalgenerating module may perform Inverse Fast Fourier Transform (IFFT) onan antenna-specific symbol, and a CP may be inserted into a time domainsymbol on which the IFFT is performed. The OFDM symbol undergoesdigital-to-analog conversion, frequency upconversion, and the like, andis transmitted to the receiving device through each transmit antenna.The signal generating module may include an IFFT module and a CPinserter, a digital-to-analog converter (DAC), a frequency uplinkconverter, and the like.

4. C-V2X

A wireless communication system is a multiple access system thatsupports communication with multiple users by sharing available systemresources (for example, bandwidth, transmit power, or the like).Examples of the multiple access system include a code division multipleaccess (CDMA) system, a frequency division multiple access (FDMA)system, a time division multiple access (TDMA) system, an orthogonalfrequency division multiple access (OFDMA) system, and a single carrierfrequency division multiple access (SC-FDMA) system, a multi-carrierfrequency division multiple access (MC-FDMA) system and the like.

Sidelink refers to a communication method of establishing a direct linkbetween user equipments (UEs) and directly exchanging voice, data, orthe like between terminals without passing through a base station (BS).The sidelink is considered as one way to solve a burden of the BS due torapidly increasing data traffic.

Vehicle-to-everything (V2X) refers to a communication technology thatexchanges information with other vehicles, pedestrians, things for whichinfrastructure is built, and the like through wired/wirelesscommunication. The V2X may be classified into four types such asvehicle-to-vehicle (V2V), vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I),vehicle-to-network (V2N), and vehicle-to-pedestrian (V2P). V2Xcommunication may be provided via a PC5 interface and/or a Uu interface.

Meanwhile, as more communication devices require larger communicationcapacities, there is a need for improved mobile broadband communicationas compared to existing radio access technology (RAT). Accordingly, acommunication system considering a service or a terminal that issensitive to reliability and latency is being discussed. Next-generationradio access technologies that consider improved mobile broadbandcommunication, massive MTC, ultra-reliable and low-latency communication(URLLC), and the like may be referred to as new RAT or new radio (NR).Vehicle-to-everything (V2X) communication may be supported even in NR.

The following technologies may be used for various wirelesscommunication systems such as code division multiple access (CDMA),frequency division multiple access (FDMA), time division multiple access(TDMA), orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA), andsingle carrier frequency division multiple access (SC-FDMA). CDMA may beimplemented by wireless technologies such as universal terrestrial radioaccess (UTRA) and CDMA2000. TDMA may be implemented by wirelesstechnologies such as global system for mobile communications(GSM)/general packet radio service (GPRS)/enhanced data rates for GSMevolution (EDGE). OFDMA may be implemented by wireless technologies suchas institute of electrical and electronics engineers (IEEE) 802.11(Wi-Fi), IEEE 802.16 (WiMAX), IEEE 802-20, and evolved UTRA (E-UTRA).IEEE 802.16m is an evolution of IEEE 802.16e and provides backwardcompatibility with systems based on IEEE 802.16e. UTRA is part of auniversal mobile telecommunications system (UMTS). 3rd generationpartnership project (3GPP) long term evolution (LTE) is part of evolvedUMTS (E-UMTS) using evolved-UMTS terrestrial radio access (E-UTRA), andemploys OFDMA on downlink and SC-FDMA on uplink. LTE-advanced (LTE-A) isan evolution of 3GPP LTE.

5G NR is a successor technology to LTE-A, and is a new clean-slate typemobile communication system having characteristics such as highperformance, low latency, and high availability. 5G NR may takeadvantage of all available spectral resources such as a low frequencyband below 1 GHz, an intermediate frequency band from 1 GHz to 10 GHz,and a high frequency (millimeter wave) band above 24 GHz.

For clarity of description, the following description focuses on LTE-Aor 5G NR, but the technical idea of embodiment(s) is not limitedthereto.

FIG. 19 illustrates the structure of an LTE system to whichembodiment(s) are applicable. This system may be referred to as anevolved-UMTS terrestrial radio access network (E-UTRAN) or long-termevolution (LTE)/LTE-advanced (LTE-A) system.

Referring to FIG. 19 , the E-UTRAN includes a base station 20 thatprovides a control plane and a user plan to a user equipment (UE) 10.The UE 10 may be fixed or mobile. The UE 10 may be referred to byanother term, such as a mobile station (MS), a user terminal (UT), asubscriber station (SS), a mobile terminal (MT), a wireless device, etc.The BS 20 refers to a fixed station that communicates with the UE 10.The BS 20 may be referred to by another term, such as an evolved-NodeB(eNB), a base transceiver system (BTS), an access point, etc.

BSs 20 may be connected to each other through an X2 interface. The BS 20is connected to an evolved packet core (EPC) 30 through an S1 interface,more specifically, to a mobility management entity (MME) through S1-MMEand to a serving gateway (S-GW) through S1-U.

The EPC 30 includes the MME, the S-GW, and a packet data network (PDN)gateway (P-GW). The MME has access information of the UE or capabilityinformation of the UE, and such information is generally used formobility management of the UE. The S-GW is a gateway having the E-UTRANas an end point. The P-GW is a gateway having the PDN as an end point.

Layers of a radio interface protocol between the UE and the network maybe classified into a first layer (L1), a second layer (L2), and a thirdlayer (L3) based on the lower three layers of the open systeminterconnection (OSI) reference model that is well-known in acommunication system. Thereamong, a physical layer belonging to thefirst layer provides an information transfer service using a physicalchannel, and a radio resource control (RRC) layer belonging to the thirdlayer serves to control a radio resource between the UE and the network.For this, the RRC layer exchanges an RRC message between the UE and theBS.

FIG. 20 illustrates a radio protocol architecture for a user plane towhich embodiment(s) are applicable.

FIG. 21 illustrates a radio protocol architecture for a control plane towhich embodiment(s) are applicable. The user plane is a protocol stackfor user data transmission. The control plane is a protocol stack forcontrol signal transmission.

Referring to FIGS. 20 and 21 , a physical layer provides an upper layerwith an information transfer service through a physical channel. Thephysical layer is connected to a media access control (MAC) layer, whichis an upper layer of the physical layer, through a transport channel.Data is transferred between the MAC layer and the physical layer throughthe transport channel. The transport channel is classified according tohow and with which characteristics data is transferred through a radiointerface.

Data is moved between different physical layers, i.e., between thephysical layers of a transmitter and a receiver, through a physicalchannel. The physical channel may be modulated according to anorthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) scheme and use timeand frequency as radio resources.

The MAC layer provides a service to a radio link control (RLC) layer,which is an upper layer, through a logical channel. The MAC layerprovides a mapping function from a plurality of logical channels to aplurality of transport channels. The MAC layer also provides a logicalchannel multiplexing function caused by mapping from a plurality oflogical channels to a single transport channel. A MAC sublayer providesdata transfer services on logical channels.

The RLC layer performs concatenation, segmentation, and reassembly of anRLC service data unit (SDU). In order to guarantee various types ofquality of service (QoS) required by a radio bearer (RB), the RLC layerprovides three operation modes: transparent mode (TM), unacknowledgedmode (UM), and acknowledged mode (AM). AM RLC provides error correctionthrough an automatic repeat request (ARQ).

The RRC layer is defined only in the control plane. The RRC layer isrelated to the configuration, reconfiguration, and release of RBs toserve to control logical channels, transport channels, and physicalchannels. The RB means a logical path provided by the first layer(physical layer) and the second layer (MAC layer, RLC layer, or PDCPlayer) in order to transfer data between a UE and a network.

A function of a packet data convergence protocol (PDCP) layer in theuser plane includes transfer, header compression, and ciphering of userdata. A function of the PDCP layer in the control plane includestransfer and encryption/integrity protection of control plane data.

The configuration of the RB means a process of defining thecharacteristics of a radio protocol layer and channels in order toprovide specific service and configuring each detailed parameter andoperating method. The RB may be divided into two types of a signaling RB(SRB) and a data RB (DRB). The SRB is used as a passage through which anRRC message is transported in the control plane, and the DRB is used asa passage through which user data is transported in the user plane.

If RRC connection is established between the RRC layer of UE and the RRClayer of the E-UTRAN, the UE is in an RRC connected (RRC_CONNECTED)state and if not, the UE is in an RRC idle (RRC_IDLE) state. In NR, anRRC inactive (RRC_INACTIVE) state has been further defined. The UE ofRRC_INACTIVE state may release connection to the BS while maintainingconnection to a core network.

A downlink transport channel through which data is transmitted from thenetwork to the UE includes a broadcast channel (BCH) through whichsystem information is transmitted and a downlink shared channel (SCH)through which user traffic or control messages are transmitted. Trafficor a control message for a downlink multicast or broadcast service maybe transmitted through the downlink SCH or may be transmitted through aseparate downlink multicast channel (MCH). Meanwhile, an uplinktransport channel through which data is transmitted from the UE to thenetwork includes a random access channel (RACH) through which an initialcontrol message is transmitted and an uplink shared channel (SCH)through which user traffic or a control message is transmitted.

Logical channels that are placed over the transport channel and mappedto the transport channel include a broadcast control channel (BCCH), apaging control channel (PCCH), a common control channel (CCCH), amulticast control channel (MCCH), and a multicast traffic channel(MTCH).

The physical channel includes several OFDM symbols in the time domainand several subcarriers in the frequency domain. One subframe includes aplurality of OFDM symbols in the time domain. A resource block is aresources allocation unit and includes a plurality of OFDM symbols and aplurality of subcarriers. Each subframe may use specific subcarriers ofspecific OFDM symbols (e.g., the first OFDM symbol) of a correspondingsubframe for a physical downlink control channel (PDCCH), that is, anL1/L2 control channel. A transmission time interval (TTI) is a unit timefor subframe transmission.

FIG. 22 illustrates the structure of an NR system to which embodiment(s)are applicable.

Referring to FIG. 22 , a next generation radio access network (NG-RAN)may include a gNB and/or an eNB that provides user plane and controlplane protocol terminations to a UE. FIG. 10 illustrates the case ofincluding only gNBs. The gNB and the eNB are connected through an Xninterface. The gNB and the eNB are connected to a 5G core network (5GC)via an NG interface. More specifically, the gNB and the eNB areconnected to an access and mobility management function (AMF) via anNG-C interface and connected to a user plane function (UPF) via an NG-Uinterface.

FIG. 23 illustrates functional split between an NG-RAN and a 5GC towhich embodiment(s) are applicable.

Referring to FIG. 23 , a gNB may provide functions, such as intercellradio resource management (RRM), RB control, connection mobilitycontrol, radio admission control, measurement configuration andprovision, dynamic resource allocation, etc. An AMF may providefunctions, such as NAS security, idle state mobility handling, etc. AUPF may provide functions, such as mobility anchoring, protocol dataunit (PDU) handling, etc. A session management function (SMF) mayprovide functions, such as UE IP address allocation, PDU sessioncontrol.

FIG. 24 illustrates the structure of an NR radio frame to whichembodiment(s) are applicable.

Referring to FIG. 24 , a radio frame may be used for uplink and downlinktransmission in NR. The radio frame is 10 ms long and may be defined astwo half-frames (HFs), each 5 ms long. An HF may include 5 subframes(SFs), each 1 ms long. An SF may be split into one or more slots. Thenumber of slots in the SF may be determined based on a subcarrierspacing (SCS). Each slot may include 12 or 14 OFDM(A) symbols dependingon a cyclic prefix (CP).

When a normal CP is used, each slot may include 14 symbols. When anextended CP is used, each slot may include 12 symbols. Here, a symbolmay include an OFDM symbol (or CP-OFDM symbol) or an SC-FDMA symbol (orDFT-s-OFDM symbol).

Table 1 below shows the number of symbols, N^(slot) _(symb), per slot,the number of slots, N^(frame, u) _(slot), per frame, and the number ofslots, N^(subframe, u) _(slot), per subframe according to SCSconfiguration μ when the normal CP is used.

TABLE 1 SCS (15*2u) N^(slot) _(symb) N^(frame, u) _(slot)N^(subframe, u) _(slot) 15 KHz (u = 0) 14 10 1 30 KHz (u = 1) 14 20 2 60KHz (u = 2) 14 40 4 120 KHz (u = 3)  14 80 8 240 KHz (u = 4)  14 160 16

Table 2 shows the number of symbols per slot, the number of slots perframe, and the number of slots per subframe according to SCS when theextended CP is used.

TABLE 2 SCS (15*2{circumflex over ( )}u) N^(slot) _(symb) N^(frame, u)_(slot) N^(subframe, u) _(slot) 60 KHz (u = 2) 12 40 4

In an NR system, different OFDM(A) numerologies (e.g., SCSs and CPlengths) may be configured in a plurality of cells aggregated for oneUE. Then, an (absolute time) duration of a time resource (e.g., asubframe, a slot, or a TTI) consisting of the same number of symbols(for convenience, referred to as a time unit (TU)) may be differentlyconfigured in the aggregated cells.

FIG. 25 illustrates the structure of a slot of an NR frame to whichembodiment(s) are applicable.

Referring to FIG. 25 , a slot includes a plurality of symbols in thetime domain. For example, one slot may include 14 symbols in the case ofa normal CP and 12 symbols in the case of an extended CP. Alternatively,one slot may include 7 symbols in the case of the normal CP and 6symbols in the case of the extended CP.

A carrier includes a plurality of subcarriers in the frequency domain. Aresource block (RB) may be defined as a plurality of consecutivesubcarriers (e.g., 12 subcarriers) in the frequency domain. A bandwidthpart (BWP) may be defined as a plurality of consecutive (P)RBs in thefrequency domain and correspond to one numerology (e.g., SCS or CPlength). The carrier may include a maximum of N (e.g., 5) BWPs. Datacommunication may be performed through activated BWPs. Each element maybe referred to as a resource element (RS) in a resource grid and onecomplex symbol may be mapped thereto.

As illustrated in FIG. 26 , a scheme of reserving a transmissionresource of a subsequent packet may be used for transmission resourceselection.

FIG. 26 illustrates an example of selecting a transmission resource towhich embodiments(s) are applicable.

In V2X communication, two transmissions may be performed per MAC PDU.For example, referring to FIG. 26 , during resource selection forinitial transmission, a resource for retransmission may be reserved witha predetermined time gap. A UE may discern transmission resourcesreserved by other UEs or resources that are being used by other UEsthrough sensing within a sensing window and randomly select a resourcehaving less interference from among resources that remain afterexcluding the resources that are reserved or being used by other UEswithin a selection window.

For example, the UE may decode a physical sidelink control channel(PSCCH) including information about periodicity of the reservedresources within the sensing window and measure physical sidelink sharedchannel (PSSCH) reference signal received power (RSRP) on periodicallydetermined resources based on the PSCCH. The UE may exclude resources onwhich PSSCH RSRP exceeds a threshold from resources that are selectablein the selection window. Next, the UE may randomly select a sidelinkresource from among resources that remain within the selection window.

Alternatively, the UE may measure a received signal strength indicator(RSSI) of periodic resources within the sensing window to determineresources having less interference (e.g., resources having lowinterference corresponding to 20% or less). Then, the UE may randomlyselect a sidelink resource from resources included in the selectionwindow among the periodic resources. For example, upon failing to decodethe PSCCH, the UE may use this method.

FIG. 27 illustrates an example of transmitting a PSCCH in sidelinktransmission mode 3 or 4 to which embodiment(s) are applicable.

In V2X communication, i.e., in sidelink transmission mode 3 or 4, aPSCCH and a PSSCH are transmitted through frequency divisionmultiplexing (FDM) as opposed to sidelink communication. In V2Xcommunication, since it is important to reduce latency in considerationof characteristics of vehicle communication, the PSCCH and the PSSCH maybe transmitted through FDM on different frequency resources of the sametime resource in order to reduce latency. Referring to FIG. 27 , thePSCCH and the PSSCH may be non-adjacent as illustrated in (a) of FIG. 27or may be adjacent as illustrated in (b) of FIG. 27 . A basic unit ofsuch transmission is a subchannel. The subchannel may be a resource unithaving one or more RBs in size on the frequency axis on a predeterminedtime resource (e.g., time resource unit). The number of RBs included inthe subchannel (i.e., the size of the subchannel and a start position ofthe subchannel on the frequency axis) may be indicated through higherlayer signaling. An embodiment of FIG. 27 may also be applied to NRsidelink resource allocation mode 1 or 2.

Hereinafter, a cooperative awareness message (CAM) and a decentralizedenvironmental notification message (DENM) will be described.

In V2V communication, a CAM of a periodic message type and a DENM of anevent triggered message type may be transmitted. The CAM may includebasic vehicle information, including vehicle dynamic state informationsuch as direction and speed, vehicle static data such as dimension, anexternal light state, and a path history. The size of the CAM may be 50to 300 bytes. The CAM may be broadcast and latency should be less than100 ms. The DENM may be a message generated during an unexpectedsituation such as breakdown or accident of a vehicle. The size of theDENM may be shorter than 3000 bytes and all vehicles in the range ofmessage transmission may receive the DENM. The DENM may have a higherpriority than the CAM.

Hereinafter, carrier reselection will be described.

Carrier reselection for V2X/sidelink communication may be performed in aMAC layer based on a channel busy ratio (CBR) of configured carriers anda ProSe-per-packet priority (PPPP) of a V2X message to be transmitted.

The CBR may mean the portion of subchannels in a resource pool, sidelinkRSSI (S-RSSI) of which measured by a UE is sensed as exceeding a presetthreshold. There may be PPPP related to each logical channel. The valueof PPPP should be set in consideration of latency required by both a UEand a BS. During carrier reselection, the UE may select one or morecarriers from among candidate carriers in ascending order from thelowest CBR.

Hereinafter, physical layer processing will be described.

A data unit to which embodiment(s) are applicable may be a target ofphysical layer processing in a transmitting side before the data unit istransmitted through a radio interface. A radio signal carrying the dataunit to which embodiment(s) are applicable may be a target of physicallayer processing at a receiving side.

FIG. 28 illustrates an example of physical processing at a transmittingside to which embodiment(s) are applicable.

Table 3 shows a mapping relationship between an uplink transport channeland a physical channel and Table 4 shows a mapping relationship betweenuplink control channel information and a physical channel.

TABLE 3 Transport Channel Physical Channel UL-SCH PUSCH RACH PRACH

TABLE 4 Control Information Physical Channel UCI PUCCH, PUSCH

Table 5 shows a mapping relationship between a downlink transportchannel and a physical channel and Table 6 shows a mapping relationshipbetween downlink control channel information and a physical channel.

TABLE 5 Transport Channel Physical Channel DL-SCH PDSCH BCH PBCH PCHPDSCH

TABLE 6 Control Information Physical Channel DCI PDCCH

Table 7 shows a mapping relationship between a sidelink transportchannel and a physical channel and Table 8 shows a mapping relationshipbetween sidelink control channel information and a physical channel.

TABLE 7 Transport Channel Physical Channel SL-SCH PSSCH SL-BCH PSBCH

TABLE 8 Control Information Physical Channel SCI PSCCH

Referring to FIG. 28 , the transmitting side may perform encoding on atransport block (TB) in step S100. Data and a control stream from a MAClayer may be encoded to provide transport and control services through aradio transmission link in a physical layer. For example, the TB fromthe MAC layer may be encoded to a codeword at the transmitting side. Achannel coding scheme may be a combination of error detection, errorcorrection, rate matching, interleaving, and control information or atransport channel separated from the physical channel. Alternatively,the channel coding scheme may be a combination of error detection, errorcorrection, rate matching, interleaving, and control information or atransport channel mapped to the physical channel.

In an NR LTE system, the following channel coding scheme may be used fordifferent types of transport channels and different types of controlinformation. For example, the channel coding scheme for each transportchannel type may be listed in Table 9. For example, the channel codingscheme for each control information type may be listed in Table 10.

TABLE 9 Transport Channel Channel Coding Scheme UL-SCH LDPC (Low DensityParity Check) DL-SCH SL-SCH PCH BCH Polar code SL-BCH

TABLE 10 Control Information Channel Coding Scheme DCI Polar code SCIUCI Block code, Polar code

For transmission of the TB (e.g., MAC PDU), the transmitting side mayattach a cyclic redundancy check (CRC) sequence to the TB. Therefore,the transmitting side may provide error detection to the receiving side.In sidelink communication, the transmitting side may be a transmittingUE and the receiving side may be a receiving UE. In the NR system, acommunication device may use an LDPC code to encode/decode an uplink(UL)-SCH and a downlink (DL)-SCH. The NR system may support two LDPCbase graphs (i.e., two LDPC base matrices). The two LDPC base graphs maybe LDPC base graph 1 optimized for a small TB and LDPC base graph 2optimized for a large TB. The transmitting side may select LDPC basegraph 1 or 2 based on the size of the TB and a code rate R. The coderate may be indicated by a modulation and coding scheme (MCS) indexI_MCS. The MCS index may be dynamically provided to the UE by a PDCCHthat schedules a PUSCH or a PDSCH. Alternatively, the MCS index may bedynamically provided to the UE by a PDCCH that (re)initializes oractivates UL configured grant 2 or DL semi-persistent scheduling (SPS).The MCS index may be provided to the UE by RRC signaling related to ULconfigured grant type 1. If the TB to which the CRC is attached isgreater than a maximum code block size for the selected LDPC base graph,the transmitting side may segment the TB to which the CRC is attachedinto a plurality of code blocks. The transmitting side may attach anadditional CRC sequence to each code block. A maximum code block sizefor LDPC base graph 1 and a maximum code block size for LDPC base graph2 may be 8448 bits and 3480 bits, respectively. If the TB to which theCRC is attached is not greater than the maximum code block size for theselected LDPC base graph, the transmitting side may encode the TB towhich the CRC is attached using the selected LDPC base graph. Thetransmitting side may encode each code block of the TB using theselected LDPC base graph. LDPC coded blocks may be individuallyrate-matched. Code block concatenation may be performed to generate acodeword for transmission on the PDSCH or the PUSCH. For the PDSCH, amaximum of two codewords (i.e., a maximum of two TBs) may besimultaneously transmitted on the PDSCH. The PUSCH may be used totransmit UL-SCH data and layer 1 and/or 2 control information. Althoughnot illustrated in FIG. 17 , the layer 1 and/or 2 control informationmay be multiplexed with a codeword for the UL-SCH data.

In steps S101 and S102, the transmitting side may perform scrambling andmodulation for the codeword. Bits of the codeword may be scrambled andmodulated to generate a block of complex-valued modulation symbols.

In step S103, the transmitting side may perform layer mapping. Thecomplex-valued modulation symbols of the codeword may be mapped to oneor more multiple input multiple output (MIMO) layers. The codeword maybe mapped to a maximum of 4 layers. The PDSCH may carry two codewordsand thus the PDSCH may support up to 8-layer transmission. The PUSCH maysupport a single codeword and thus the PUSCH may support up to 4-layertransmission.

In step S104, the transmitting side may perform transform precoding. ADL transmission waveform may be a normal CP-OFDM waveform. Transformprecoding (i.e., discrete Fourier transform (DFT)) may not be applied toDL.

A UL transmission waveform may be legacy OFDM using a CP having atransform precoding function performing DFT spreading, which may bedisabled or enabled. In the NR system, if the transform precodingfunction is enabled on UL, transform precoding may be selectivelyapplied. Transform precoding may spread UL data in a special manner inorder to reduce a peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) of a waveform.Transform precoding may be one type of DFT. That is, the NR system maysupport two options for a UL waveform. One option may be CP-OFDM (whichis the same as a DL waveform) and the other option may be DFT spreadOFDM (DFT-s-OFDM). Whether the UE should use CP-OFDM or DFT-s-OFDM maybe determined by the BS through an RRC parameter.

In step S105, the transmitting side may perform subcarrier mapping. Alayer may be mapped to an antenna port. On DL, transparent manner(non-codebook-based) mapping may be supported for layer-to-antenna portmapping. How beamforming or MIMO precoding is performed may betransparent to the UE. On UL, both non-codebook-based mapping andcodebook-based mapping may be supported for antenna port mapping.

For each antenna port (i.e., layer) used for transmission of a physicalchannel (e.g., a PDSCH, a PUSCH, or a PSSCH), the transmitting side maymap complex-valued modulation symbols to subcarriers in an RB allocatedto the physical channel.

In step S106, the transmitting side may perform OFDM modulation. Acommunication device of the transmitting side may generate a subcarrierspacing configuration u for a time-continuous OFDM baseband signal on anantenna port p and an OFDM symbol 1 in a TTI for the physical channel byadding the CP and performing inverse fast Fourier transform (IFFT). Forexample, the communication device of the transmitting side may performIFFT on a complex-valued modulation symbol mapped to an RB of acorresponding OFDM symbol with respect to each OFDM symbol. Thecommunication device of the transmitting side may add the CP to an IFFTsignal in order to generate the OFDM baseband signal.

In step S107, the transmitting side may perform up-conversion. Thecommunication device of the transmitting side may perform up-conversionon the OFDM baseband signal for the antenna port p, the subcarrierspacing configuration u, and the OFDM symbol into a carrier frequency f0of a cell to which the physical channel is allocated.

Processors 102 and 202 of FIG. 44 may be configured to perform encoding,scrambling, modulation, layer mapping, transform precoding (on UL),subcarrier mapping, and OFDM modulation.

FIG. 29 illustrates an example of physical layer processing at areceiving side to which embodiment(s) are applicable.

Physical layer processing at the receiving side may be basically thereverse of physical layer processing at the transmitting side.

In step S110, the receiving side may perform frequency down-conversion.A communication device of the receiving side may receive an RF signal ofa carrier frequency through an antenna. Transceivers 9013 and 9023 forreceiving the RF signal in the carrier frequency may down-convert thecarrier frequency of the RF signal into a baseband signal in order toobtain an OFDM baseband signal.

In step S111, the receiving side may perform OFDM demodulation. Thecommunication device of the receiving side may acquire a complex-valuedmodulation symbol through CP detachment and FFT. For example, thecommunication device of the receiving side may detach a CP from the OFDMbaseband signal with respect to each OFDM symbol. The communicationdevice of the receiving side may perform FFT on the CP-detached OFDMbaseband signal in order to acquire the complex-valued modulation symbolfor an antenna port p, a subcarrier spacing u, and an OFDM symbol l.

In step S112, the receiving side may perform subcarrier demapping.Subcarrier demapping may be performed on the complex-valued modulationsymbol in order to acquire a complex-valued modulation symbol of acorresponding physical channel. For example, the processor of the UE mayacquire a complex-valued modulation symbol mapped to a subcarrierbelonging to a PDSCH among complex-valued modulation symbols received ina bandwidth part (BWP).

In step S113, the receiving side may perform transform deprecoding. Iftransform precoding is enabled with respect to a UL physical channel,transform deprecoding (e.g., inverse discrete Fourier transform (IDFT))may be performed on a complex-valued modulation symbol of the ULphysical channel. Transform deprecoding may not be performed on a DLphysical channel and a UL physical channel for which transform precodingis disabled.

In step S114, the receiving side may perform layer demapping. Acomplex-valued modulation symbol may be demapped to one or twocodewords.

In steps S115 and S116, the receiving side may perform demodulation anddescrambling, respectively. A complex-valued modulation symbol of acodeword may be demodulated and may be descrambled to a bit of thecodeword.

In step S117, the receiving side may perform decoding. A codeword may bedecoded to a TB. For a UL-SCH and a DL-SCH, LDPC base graph 1 or 2 maybe selected based on the size of a TB and a code rate R. The codewordmay include one or multiple coded blocks. Each coded block may bedecoded to a code block to which a CRC is attached or a TB to which theCRC is attached using the selected LDPC base graph. If the transmittingside performs code block segmentation on the TB to which the CRC isattached, a CRC sequence may be eliminated from each of code blocks towhich the CRC is attached and code blocks may be acquired. A code blockmay be concatenated to the TB to which the CRC is attached. A TB CRCsequence may be detached from the TB to which the CRC is attached andthen the TB may be acquired. The TB may be transmitted to a MAC layer.

The processors 102 and 202 of FIG. 44 may be configured to perform OFDMdemodulation, subcarrier demapping, layer demapping, demodulation,descrambling, and decoding.

In physical layer processing at the transmitting/receiving sidedescribed above, time and frequency domain resource related tosubcarrier mapping (e.g., an OFDM symbol, a subcarrier, or a carrierfrequency), and OFDM modulation and frequency up/down-conversion may bedetermined based on resource allocation (e.g., UL grant or DLallocation).

Hereinafter, synchronization acquisition of a sidelink UE will bedescribed.

In a time division multiple access (TDMA) and frequency divisionmultiples access (FDMA) system, accurate time and frequencysynchronization is essential. If time and frequency synchronization isnot accurately established, system performance may be deteriorated dueto inter-symbol interference (ISI) and inter-carrier interference (ICI).This is equally applied even to V2X. For time/frequency synchronizationin V2X, a sidelink synchronization signal (SLSS) may be used in aphysical layer and master information block-sidelink-V2X (MIB-SL-V2X)may be used in a radio link control (RLC) layer.

FIG. 30 illustrates a synchronization source or synchronizationreference in V2X to which embodiment(s) are applicable.

Referring to FIG. 30 , in V2X, a UE may be directly synchronized with aglobal navigation satellite system (GNSS) or may be indirectlysynchronized with the GNSS through the UE (in network coverage or out ofnetwork coverage) that is directly synchronized with the GNSS. If theGNSS is configured as a synchronization source, the UE may calculate adirect frame number (DFN) and a subframe number using coordinateduniversal time (UTC) and a (pre)configured DFN offset.

Alternatively, the UE may be directly synchronized with a BS or may besynchronized with another UE that is synchronized in time/frequency withthe BS. For example, the BS may be an eNB or a gNB. For example, whenthe UE is in network coverage, the UE may receive synchronizationinformation provided by the BS and may be directly synchronized with theBS. Next, the UE may provide the synchronization information to adjacentanother UE. If a timing of the BS is configured as the synchronizationreference, the UE may conform to a cell related to a correspondingfrequency (when the UE is in cell coverage in the frequency) or aprimary cell or a serving cell (when the UE is out of cell coverage inthe frequency), for synchronization and DL measurement.

The BS (e.g., serving cell) may provide a synchronization configurationfor a carrier used for V2X/sidelink communication. In this case, the UEmay conform to the synchronization configuration received from the BS.If the UE fails to detect any cell in the carrier used for V2X/sidelinkcommunication and fails to receive the synchronization configurationfrom the serving cell, the UE may conform to a preset synchronizationconfiguration.

Alternatively, the UE may be synchronized with another UE that hasfailed to directly or indirectly acquire the synchronization informationfrom the BS or the GNSS. A synchronization source and a preferencedegree may be preconfigured for the UE. Alternatively, thesynchronization source and the preference degree may be configuredthrough a control message provided by the BS.

The sidelink synchronization source may be associated with asynchronization priority level. For example, a relationship between thesynchronization source and the synchronization priority level may bedefined as shown in Table 11. Table 11 is purely exemplary and therelationship between the synchronization source and the synchronizationpriority level may be defined in various manners.

TABLE 11 Priority GNSS-based eNB/gNB-based Level SynchronizationSynchronization P0 GNSS eNB/gNB P1 All UEs directly All UEs directlysynchronized with GNSS synchronized with eNB/gNB P2 All UEs indirectlyAll UEs indirectly synchronized with GNSS synchronized with eNB/gNB P3All other UEs GNSS P4 N/A All UEs directly synchronized with GNSS P5 N/AAll UEs indirectly synchronized with GNSS P6 N/A All other UEs

Whether to use GNSS-based synchronization or eNB/gNB-basedsynchronization may be (pre)configured. In a single-carrier operation,the UE may derive a transmission timing thereof from an availablesynchronization reference having the highest priority.

Hereinafter, the BWP (Bandwidth Part) and the resource pool will bedescribed.

If BA (Bandwidth Adaptation) is used, the reception bandwidth andtransmission bandwidth of the terminal need not be as large as thebandwidth of the cell, and the reception bandwidth and transmissionbandwidth of the terminal may be adjusted. For example, the network/basestation may inform the terminal of bandwidth adjustment. For example,the terminal may receive information/configuration for bandwidthadjustment from the network/base station. In this case, the terminal mayperform bandwidth adjustment based on the receivedinformation/configuration. For example, the bandwidth adjustment mayinclude reducing/expanding the bandwidth, changing the location of thebandwidth, or changing the subcarrier spacing of the bandwidth.

For example, bandwidth may be reduced during periods of low activity toconserve power. For example, the location of the bandwidth may shift inthe frequency domain. For example, the location of the bandwidth may beshifted in the frequency domain to increase scheduling flexibility. Forexample, subcarrier spacing of the bandwidth may be changed. Forexample, the subcarrier spacing of the bandwidth may be changed to allowfor different services. A subset of the total cell bandwidth of a cellmay be referred to as a BWP (Bandwidth Part). BA may be performed by thebase station/network setting the BWP to the terminal, and notifying theterminal of the currently active BWP among the BWPs in which the basestation/network is set.

FIG. 31 discloses an example of a scenario in which a BWP to which anexample or implementation example can be applied is set.

Referring to FIG. 31 , BWP1 having a bandwidth of 40 MHz and subcarrierspacing of 15 kHz, BWP2 having a bandwidth of 10 MHz and subcarrierspacing of 15 kHz, and BWP3 having a bandwidth of 20 MHz and subcarrierspacing of 60 kHz may be configured.

BWP may be defined for sidelinks. The same sidelink BWP can be used fortransmission and reception. For example, the transmitting terminal maytransmit a sidelink channel or a sidelink signal on a specific BWP, andthe receiving terminal may receive a sidelink channel or a sidelinksignal on the specific BWP. In a licensed carrier, the sidelink BWP maybe defined separately from the Uu BWP, and the sidelink BWP may haveseparate configuration signaling from the Uu BWP. For example, theterminal may receive the configuration for the sidelink BWP from thebase station/network. The sidelink BWP may be configured (in advance)for the out-of-coverage NR V2X terminal and the RRC_IDLE terminal withinthe carrier. For a UE in RRC_CONNECTED mode, at least one sidelink BWPmay be activated in a carrier.

A resource pool may be a set of time-frequency resources that may beused for sidelink transmission and/or sidelink reception. From theperspective of a terminal, a time domain resource in a resource pool maynot be continuous. A plurality of resource pools may be set to aterminal in a single carrier (beforehand).

In order to solve an existing problem of VRU terminals that operateseparately, the present disclosure relates to a system of providing aVRU public safety service through a Uu interface. In order to improvethe existing problem of VRU terminals that operate separately, a systemis disclosed which informs each VRU of risk factors (elements) throughan Uu interface in each specific zone where a hazard is anticipated. Asinformation is provided which a VRU (or a VRU terminal) in each specificzone is expected to be aware of, the VRU terminal may advise a userwalking in the zone to avoid a dangerous area or alert the user bynotifying a public safety message. Furthermore, the public safetyservice controls an operation of a VRU terminal to more actively operatetransmission of the VRU terminal or a corresponding V2X device, therebyefficiently supporting VRU safety.

[Configuration of Device]

FIG. 32 discloses a configuration of a system providing a VRU publicsafety service according to the present disclosure. The system may becomposed of a VRU public safety service center 110 and VRU terminals210, 220, 230 and 240, which are capable of a public safety service.Unless stated otherwise, a center may mean the VRU public safety servicecenter. The center 110 and the VRU terminals may be connected via a Uuinterface and are connected via eNB 120. In order to provide a safetyservice to a VRU in real time, the center may receive a BSM directlyfrom a vehicle 300 running nearby via the Uu interface, or a VRUreceiving information via a PC5 interface may deliver the information tothe center via the Uu interface.

[Embodiment: Zone-Based VRU Public Safety Guidance]

FIG. 33 illustrates an example of a VRU public safety service. A centerproviding the VRU public safety service may receive information on anambulance in operation or information on a construction site in advancefrom a system such as a national safety network or the Ministry of Land,Infrastructure and Transport. Using the information, the center mayprovide a safety service to a VRU in a corresponding zone via a Uuinterface. For example, when a sidewalk in Zone A is under construction,the VRU public safety service center may transmit information on theconstruction site to a VRU 110 which is running in a neighboring zone.Alternatively, since an emergency vehicle 230 like an ambulance, a fireengine and a patrol car may ignore a crosswalk signal, it may be a riskfactor to a VRU. In order to protect a VRU, the center may provide awarning message for notifying the danger to a VRU in a zone where theemergency vehicle is running, so that the safety of the VRU waling inthe zone may be ensured. Since a VRU 140 located outside the dangerouszone does not receive a specific message from the center 100, it mayrecognize the absence of a special issue nearby and use the informationfor walking.

[Operation of a Device]

FIGS. 34 to 35 disclose an operation 100 of a VRU public safety servicecenter for a regional VRU public safety guidance service and anoperation 200 of a VRU terminal. Referring to FIG. 34 , the VRU publicsafety service center initializes a system. The center receives trafficinformation from an external road authority (RA). The center classifiestraffic information according to zones. Based on this, the centergenerates a basic container, a common safety container, and a zone basedsafety container respectively and then finally generates a VRU safetymessage (VSM). The center transmits the VSM to a VRU terminal via an Uuinterface. The system stands by during a VSM transmission period, and anoperation of updating external traffic information again may beperformed.

Referring to FIG. 35 , a VRU terminal performs an initializing operationof a system of a device when the system starts. The VRU terminal standsby to receive a VSM using a V2X communication modem. The VRU terminalreceives and decodes the VSM. The VRU terminal extracts a message from acommon safety container, delivers the message to an application layerand warns a user of the VRU terminal of a danger through a userinterface. When a zone based container exists in a VSM, the VRU terminalcompares a received position of a zone and a position of a VRU. In casethe VRU terminal is included in the zone, the VRU terminal extracts azone based warning, delivers it to an application layer and giveswarning to the VRU via the user interface. Furthermore, the VRU terminalmay modify a setting of a VRU V2X by extracting a control parameter.

[Zone Setting Technique]

FIG. 36 illustrates an example of a method of expressing a zone. FIG. 36may be two examples of expressing a zone. ZoneType of a VSM, ZonePointAand ZonePointB may be used to express a zone. In the case of ZoneType=1,a zone is expressed as a rectangular type, that is, a rectangular shape.ZonePointA and ZonePointB represent points of a rectangle. Meanwhile, inthe case of ZoneType=2, a zone is expressed as a circle type, that is, acircular shape. ZonePointA represents a center of circle, and ZonePointBhas a value on the circle. For convenient expression, XB is set to avalue equal to XA, and YB is set by using a value of YA-radius (r).Meanwhile, when YA of ZonePointA is equal to YB of ZonePointB, a zonemay be known as a circle type, not a rectangular type. Thus, indicationof zone type may be skipped.

[VSM Configuration]

FIG. 37 shows a VSM configuration for an operation according to thepresent disclosure. In a VSM, there may be BasicContainer describing abasic feature, Common Container capable of warning every VRU and as manyas 10 ZoneBasedSafetyContainers capable of of giving warnings accordingto zones.

The structure of ASN.1 message may be illustrated as in FIGS. 38 to 39 .Referring to FIG. 38 , BasicContainer consists of StationID identifyinga center, MessageID identifying a message, and MessageGenTime notifyinga message generation time. CommonSafetyContainer consists of WarningIDidentifying a safety warning, WarningCode representing a type ofwarning, and WarningSubCode capable of representing a further detailedwarning. ZoneBasedSafetyContainer consists of ZoneID distinguishingzones to give a warning according to specific zones, ZoneType,ZonePointA and ZonePointB, which indicate zones, WarningCode andWarningSubCode, which notify a danger warning that occurs in acorresponding zone, and ControlType and ControlData capable ofcontrolling a setting of a VRU terminal present in a corresponding zone.

[Setting Change Control of VRU Terminal]

As described above, a system is proposed which is capable of providing asuitable danger warning to a VRU according to zones through a VRU publicsafety service center. Additionally, for a more active response of aVRU, a method of controlling to change a setting of a V2X device of aVRU terminal is proposed. The control may be performed throughControlType and ControlData in a VSM. Furthermore, a method ofadjustment in an application layer and a facility layer is proposed.Specifically, an AlwaysWakeUp control technique is disclosed whichcontrols a power saving technique that turns on/off a system in theapplication layer. In addition, in the facility layer, a genTime controltechnique of adjusting a period of updating a message and a technique ofcontrolling an optional field on/off when generating a message areproposed.

[AlwaysWakeUp Setting Change]

When a fire engine passes a specific Zone A, a center warns a VRU walingnearby of a danger. Generally, a battery-powered VRU terminalperiodically repeats Sleep & WakeUp for power saving. According to thepresent disclosure, a VRU terminal located in the dangerous Zone A maybe set to stay continuously in a WakeUp state for a specific timewithout performing sleeping due to a power saving operation. FIG. 40 isa view for explaining power saving control based on VSM. It is assumedthat VRU 1 is present in a dangerous zone and VRU 2 is outside thedangerous zone. A center transmits a code corresponding to PowerSavingin ControlType through ZoneControl container and transmits a timecorresponding to AlwaysWakeUp period in ControlData. Thus, VRU 1responds to a dangerous situation around it without sleeping forAlwaysWakeUp period. On the other hand, since VRU 2 is outside thedangerous zone, it repeats Sleep operation and WakeUp operation.

FIG. 41 is a view for explaining a configuration of ControlType andControlData. For example, when ControlType is set to 201, a time ofholding AlwaysWakeUp is notified to ControlData by means of a code thatsets AlwaysWakeUp. The value may be in msecs, and the value may be setto 10,000 for example for stopping power saving for 10 seconds. When thedanger stops during the service, the center transmits a 202(AlwaysWakeUp release) signal as ControlType to end AlwaysWakeUp,thereby enabling the VRU terminal to hold power saving. In this case, noControlData may be transmitted.

[MessageGenTime Setting Change]

In a facility layer, data is newly updated at a message generationinterval. According to a conventional system, data of a message isupdated at a fixed message generation interval that is internally set.However, according to the conventional system, a message generationinterval may be set irrespective of a situation of VRU, which isproblematic. Accordingly, the present disclosure proposes a method ofchanging MessageGenTime of a VRU terminal through ControlType andControlData at a VRU public safety center. In the example of FIG. 42 ,when the center transmits 301 to ControlType and 100 to ControlData, theVRU terminal changes a genTime setting of an internal facility layer to100 msec.

[PSM Optional Field Setting Change]

A facility layer generates a personal safety message (PSM). The PSM iscomposed of a mandate field and an optional field. The mandate filed isfield that is mandatorily transmitted, while the optional field isgenerated and transmitted according to a situation of a VRU. FIG. 43 isan example related to a controlling method for changing a setting of anoptional field. When an ambulance runs with urgency, it is desirablethat a VRU 110 crossing at a crosswalk ahead of a VRU 120 receives morestate information. For this, the VRU public safety service center mayset a location, in which the ambulance is running, as a danger zone andcontrol an optional field of VRU terminals present in the zone.Specifically, the center does not transmit an optional field but onlyPosition (X, Y), which is a mandate field, to a terminal of the VRU 120outside the danger zone. On the other hand, in order to track a movingpath of the VRU 110 existing in the zone, the center may mandatorilytransmit PathHistory and PathPrediction in the optional field, therebyenabling the ambulance to track a path of the VRU 110 ahead of it moreeasily.

FIG. 44 shows a transmission method with an optional field being on/offaccording to zones. VRUs are configured for periodical transmissionthrough a PSM. In a message configuration, Device 2 (120 of FIG. 43 )outside a zone transmits a mandatory field as default like in theconventional method and transmits an optional field when necessary. Onthe other hand, Device 1 (110 of FIG. 43 ) is operated to additionallytransmit a PathHistory value of the optional field, when a PSM isgenerated later. Since the size of the PSM is changeable, in order toefficiently handle this, Device 1 internally delivers the size of thePSM so that a physical layer may be flexibly transmitted.

Meanwhile, for On/Off control of an optional field, a center configuresControlType and ControlData as illustrated in FIG. 45 . When ControlTypeis 401, an optional field corresponding to a text value of ControlDatais mandatorily generated to make OptionalField ON. On the other hand,when ControlType is 402, an optional field corresponding to a text valueof ControlData is mandatorily generated to make OptionalField OFF.Meanwhile, when ControlType is 403, as a control message for ending anOptionalField control service, ControlData has a TimeOut valuecorresponding to a time of release. When controlData has a value of 0,the control is immediately ended to transmit an optional field in theconventional way. Meanwhile, when multiple optional fields are adjusted,the center sets as many ZoneBasedControlContainers as the number ofoptional fields and transmits the containers. In this case, zoneconfigurations of two containers have a same value.

A method of receiving, by a terminal of a vulnerable road user (VRU), asignal in a wireless communication system according to the presentdisclosure may include: receiving a message related to a safety serviceof the VRU from a network; and outputting a warning message based oncomparing a field defining a geographic area, in which the safetyservice is provided, in the message and a position of the terminal. Inaddition, the warning message may be output based on determining thatthe terminal exists within the geographical area.

Meanwhile, the field defining the geographic area may include a valuerelated to a type or size of the geographic area.

Meanwhile, the message may include a field related to a wakeup settingof the terminal. In addition, based on the field related to the wakeupsetting, the terminal may maintain a wakeup state for a predeterminedtime in the geographic area.

Meanwhile, the message may include a field that enables the terminal tomodify a creation interval of a message for the safety of the VRU. Inaddition, based on the field for modifying the creation interval of themessage, the terminal may create a message for the safety of the VRU inthe geographic area at a modified creation interval.

The message may include a field that requests a moving path of theterminal. In addition, based on the field that requests the moving path,the terminal may transmit, to the network, a message including aposition of the terminal within the geographic area, a moving path for apredetermined time or an expected moving path in the predetermined time.

A method of transmitting, by a network, a signal to a terminal in awireless communication system according to the present disclosure mayinclude: receiving traffic information in a preset geographic area froma server; and based on the traffic information, transmitting a messagerelated to a safety service of a vulnerable road user (VRU) within thegeographic area.

Meanwhile, the message may include a field defining the geographic area,and the field defining the geographic area may include a value relatedto a type or size of the geographic area.

Meanwhile, the message may include a field related to a wakeup settingof the terminal, and the field related to the wakeup setting mayindicate that the terminal will maintain a wakeup state for apredetermined time in the geographic area.

Meanwhile, the message may include a field that enables the terminal tomodify a creation interval of a message for safety of the VRU, and thefield for modifying the creation interval of the message may indicatethat the terminal will create the message for safety of the VRU in thegeographic area at a modified creation interval.

Meanwhile, the message may include a field that requests a moving pathof the terminal, and the field, which requests the moving path, mayindicate that the terminal will transmit a message including a positionof the terminal within the geographic area, a moving path for apredetermined time or an expected moving path after the predeterminedtime.

Hereinafter, an apparatus to which an example or implementation examplemay be applied will be described.

FIG. 46 illustrates a wireless device that may be applied to an exampleor implementation. Referring to FIG. 46 , the first wireless device 100and the second wireless device 200 may transmit/receive wireless signalsthrough various wireless access technologies (e.g, LTE, NR). Here,{first wireless device 100, second wireless device 200} is {wirelessdevice 100 x, base station 200} of FIG. 53 and/or {wireless device 100x, wireless device 100 x)} can be matched.

The first wireless device 100 includes one or more processors 102 andone or more memories 104, and may further include one or moretransceivers 106 and/or one or more antennas 108. The processor 102controls the memory 104 and/or the transceiver 106 and may be configuredto implement the descriptions, functions, procedures, suggestions,methods, and/or operational flow charts disclosed herein. For example,the processor 102 may process information in the memory 104 to generatefirst information/signal, and then transmit a wireless signal includingthe first information/signal through the transceiver 106. In addition,the processor 102 may receive the radio signal including the secondinformation/signal through the transceiver 106, and then store theinformation obtained from the signal processing of the secondinformation/signal in the memory 104. The memory 104 may be connected tothe processor 102 and may store various information related to theoperation of the processor 102. For example, the memory 104 may provideinstructions for performing some or all of the processes controlled bythe processor 102, or for performing the descriptions, functions,procedures, suggestions, methods, and/or operational flowchartsdisclosed herein. may store software code. The processor 102 and thememory 104 may be part of a communication modem/circuit/chip designed toimplement a wireless communication technology (e.g, LTE, NR). Atransceiver 106 may be coupled to the processor 102 and may transmitand/or receive wireless signals via one or more antennas 108. Thetransceiver 106 may include a transmitter and/or a receiver. Thetransceiver 106 may be used interchangeably with a radio frequency (RF)unit. In one example or implementation, a wireless device may refer to acommunication modem/circuit/chip.

The second wireless device 200 includes one or more processors 202, oneor more memories 204, and may further include one or more transceivers206 and/or one or more antennas 208. The processor 202 controls thememory 204 and/or the transceiver 206 and may be configured to implementthe descriptions, functions, procedures, suggestions, methods, and/orflow charts disclosed herein. For example, the processor 202 may processthe information in the memory 204 to generate third information/signal,and then transmit a wireless signal including the thirdinformation/signal through the transceiver 206. In addition, theprocessor 202 may receive the radio signal including the fourthinformation/signal through the transceiver 206, and then storeinformation obtained from signal processing of the fourthinformation/signal in the memory 204. The memory 204 may be connected tothe processor 202 and may store various information related to theoperation of the processor 202. For example, the memory 204 may provideinstructions for performing some or all of the processes controlled bythe processor 202, or for performing the descriptions, functions,procedures, suggestions, methods, and/or operational flowchartsdisclosed herein. may store software code. The processor 202 and thememory 204 may be part of a communication modem/circuit/chip designed toimplement a wireless communication technology (e.g, LTE, NR). Thetransceiver 206 may be coupled to the processor 202 and may transmitand/or receive wireless signals via one or more antennas 208.Transceiver 206 may include a transmitter and/or receiver. Transceiver206 may be used interchangeably with an RF unit. In one example orimplementation, a wireless device may refer to a communicationmodem/circuit/chip.

Hereinafter, hardware elements of the wireless devices 100 and 200 willbe described in more detail. Although not limited thereto, one or moreprotocol layers may be implemented by one or more processors 102, 202.For example, one or more processors 102, 202 may implement one or morelayers (e.g, functional layers such as PHY, MAC, RLC, PDCP, RRC, SDAP).The one or more processors 102, 202 may be configured to process one ormore Protocol Data Units (PDUs) and/or one or more Service Data Units(SDUs) according to the description, function, procedure, proposal,method and/or operational flowcharts disclosed. One or more processors102, 202 may generate messages, control information, data, orinformation according to the description, function, procedure, proposal,method, and/or flow charts disclosed herein. The one or more processors102 and 202 generate a signal (e.g, a baseband signal) including PDUs,SDUs, messages, control information, data or information according tothe functions, procedures, proposals and/or methods disclosed in thisdocument to one or more transceivers 106 and 206. One or more processors102, 202 may receive signals (e.g, baseband signals) from one or moretransceivers 106, 206, and may be described, functions, procedures,proposals, methods, and/or operational flowcharts disclosed herein. PDU,SDU, message, control information, data, or information may be acquiredaccording to the above.

One or more processors 102, 202 may be referred to as a controller,microcontroller, microprocessor, or microcomputer. One or moreprocessors 102, 202 may be implemented by hardware, firmware, software,or a combination thereof. For example, one or more Application SpecificIntegrated Circuits (ASICs), one or more Digital Signal Processors(DSPs), one or more Digital Signal Processing Devices (DSPDs), one ormore Programmable Logic Devices (PLDs), or one or more FieldProgrammable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) may be included in one or moreprocessors 102, 202. The descriptions, functions, procedures,suggestions, methods, and/or flowcharts of operations disclosed in thisdocument may be implemented using firmware or software, and the firmwareor software may be implemented to include modules, procedures,functions, and the like. The descriptions, functions, procedures,suggestions, methods, and/or flow charts disclosed in this documentprovide that firmware or software configured to perform is included inone or more processors 102, 202, or stored in one or more memories 104,204. It may be driven by the above processors 102 and 202. Thedescriptions, functions, procedures, suggestions, methods, and/orflowcharts of operations disclosed herein may be implemented usingfirmware or software in the form of code, instructions, and/or a set ofinstructions.

One or more memories 104, 204 may be coupled with one or more processors102, 202 and may store various forms of data, signals, messages,information, programs, code, instructions, and/or instructions. One ormore memories 104, 204 may be comprised of ROM, RAM, EPROM, flashmemory, hard drives, registers, cache memory, computer readable storagemedia, and/or combinations thereof. One or more memories 104, 204 may belocated inside and/or external to one or more processors 102, 202.Additionally, one or more memories 104, 204 may be coupled to one ormore processors 102, 202 through various technologies, such as wired orwireless connections.

One or more transceivers 106, 206 may transmit user data, controlinformation, radio signals/channels, etc. referred to in the methodsand/or operational flowcharts of this document to one or more otherdevices. The one or more transceivers 106, 206 may receive user data,control information, radio signals/channels, etc. referred to in thedescriptions, functions, procedures, suggestions, methods and/or flowcharts, etc. disclosed herein, from one or more other devices. there is.For example, one or more transceivers 106, 206 may be coupled to one ormore processors 102, 202 and may transmit and receive wireless signals.For example, one or more processors 102, 202 may control one or moretransceivers 106, 206 to transmit user data, control information, orwireless signals to one or more other devices. In addition, one or moreprocessors 102, 202 may control one or more transceivers 106, 206 toreceive user data, control information, or wireless signals from one ormore other devices. Further, one or more transceivers 106, 206 may becoupled to one or more antennas 108, 208, and the one or moretransceivers 106, 206 may be coupled via one or more antennas 108, 208to the descriptions, functions, and functions disclosed may be set totransmit and receive user data, control information, radiosignals/channels, etc. mentioned in procedures, proposals, methodsand/or operation flowcharts. In this document, one or more antennas maybe a plurality of physical antennas or a plurality of logical antennas(e.g, antenna ports). The one or more transceivers 106, 206 convert thereceived radio signal/channel, etc. from the RF band signal to processthe received user data, control information, radio signal/channel, etc.using the one or more processors 102, 202. It can be converted into abaseband signal. One or more transceivers 106 and 206 may convert userdata, control information, radio signals/channels, etc. processed usingone or more processors 102 and 202 from baseband signals to RF bandsignals. To this end, one or more transceivers 106, 206 may include(analog) oscillators and/or filters.

FIG. 47 shows another example of a wireless device applied to an exampleor implementation example. The wireless device may be implemented invarious forms according to use-examples/services.

Referring to FIG. 47 , wireless devices 100 and 200 correspond towireless devices 100 and 200 of FIG. 46 , and include various elements,components, units/units, and/or modules.) can be composed. The wirelessdevices 100 and 200 may include a communication unit 110, a control unit120, a memory unit 130, and an additional element 140. The communicationunit may include communication circuitry 112 and transceiver(s) 114. Forexample, communication circuitry 112 may include one or more processors102, 202 and/or one or more memories 104, 204 of FIG. 46 . For example,transceiver(s) 114 may include one or more transceivers 106, 206 and/orone or more antennas 108, 208 of FIG. 46 . The control unit 120 iselectrically connected to the communication unit 110, the memory unit130, and the additional element 140, and controls general operations ofthe wireless device. For example, the controller 120 may control theelectrical/mechanical operation of the wireless device based on theprogram/code/command/information stored in the memory unit 130. Inaddition, the control unit 120 transmits the information stored in thememory unit 130 to the outside (e.g, another communication device)through the communication unit 110 through a wireless/wired interface,or externally (e.g, through the communication unit 110) Informationreceived through a wireless/wired interface from another communicationdevice) may be stored in the memory unit 130.

The additional element 140 may be configured in various ways accordingto the type of the wireless device. For example, the additional element140 may include at least one of a power unit/battery, an input/outputunit (I/O unit), a driving unit, and a computing unit. Although notlimited thereto, wireless devices include, but are not limited to,robots (FIG. 53 and 100 a), vehicles (FIG. 53, 100 b-1 and 100 b-2), XRdevices (FIG. 53 and 100 c), mobile devices (FIG. 53 and 100 d), andhome appliances. (FIG. 53, 100 e), IoT device (FIG. 53, 100 f), digitalbroadcasting terminal, hologram device, public safety device, MTCdevice, medical device, fintech device (or financial device), securitydevice, climate/environment device, It may be implemented in the form ofan AI server/device (FIG. 53 and 400 ), a base station (FIG. 53 and 200), and a network node. The wireless device may be mobile or used in afixed location depending on the use-example/service.

In FIG. 47 , various elements, components, units/units, and/or modulesin the wireless devices 100 and 200 may be entirely interconnectedthrough a wired interface, or at least some of them may be wirelesslyconnected through the communication unit 110. For example, in thewireless devices 100 and 200, the control unit 120 and the communicationunit 110 are connected by wire, and the control unit 120 and the firstunit (eg, 130, 140) are connected to the communication unit 110 throughthe communication unit 110. It can be connected wirelessly. In addition,each element, component, unit/unit, and/or module within the wirelessdevice 100, 200 may further include one or more elements. For example,the controller 120 may be configured with one or more processor sets.For example, the control unit 120 may be configured as a set of acommunication control processor, an application processor, an electroniccontrol unit (ECU), a graphic processing processor, a memory controlprocessor, and the like. As another example, the memory unit 130 mayinclude random access memory (RAM), dynamic RAM (DRAM), read only memory(ROM), flash memory, volatile memory, and non-volatile memory. volatilememory) and/or a combination thereof.

FIG. 48 illustrates a transceiver of a wireless communication deviceaccording to an embodiment. For example, FIG. 48 may illustrate anexample of a transceiver that may be implemented in a frequency divisionduplex (FDD) system.

On a transmission path, at least one processor, such as the processordescribed with reference to FIGS. 46 and 47 , may process data to betransmitted and transmit a signal such as an analog output signal to atransmitter 9210.

In the above example, in the transmitter 9210, the analog output signalmay be filtered by a low-pass filter (LPF) 9211 in order to eliminatenoise caused by, for example, previous digital-to-analog conversion(ADC), up-converted into an RF signal from a baseband signal by anup-converter (e.g., a mixer) 9212, and then amplified by an amplifiersuch as a variable gain amplifier (VGA) 9213. The amplified signal maybe filtered by a filter 9214, amplified by a power amplifier (PA) 9215,routed by a duplexer 9250/antenna switches 9260, and then transmittedthrough an antenna 9270.

On a reception path, the antenna 9270 may receive a signal in a wirelessenvironment. The received signal may be routed by the antenna switches9260/duplexer 9250 and then transmitted to a receiver 9220.

In the above example, in the receiver 9220, the received signal may beamplified by an amplifier such as a low-noise amplifier (LNA) 9223,filtered by a band-pass filter (BPF) 9224, and then down-converted intothe baseband signal from the RF signal by a down-converter (e.g., amixer) 9225.

The down-converted signal may be filtered by an LPF 9226 and amplifiedby an amplifier such as a VGA 9227 in order to obtain an analog inputsignal. The analog input signal may be provided to one or moreprocessors.

Furthermore, a local oscillator (LO) 9240 may generate an LO signal fortransmission and reception and transmit the LO signal to theup-converter 9212 and the down-converter 9224.

In some implementations, a phase-locked loop (PLL) 9230 may receivecontrol information from the processor and transmit control signals tothe LO 9240 so that the LO 9240 may generate LO signals for transmissionand reception at an appropriate frequency.

Implementations are not limited to a specific arrangement illustrated inFIG. 48 and various components and circuits may be arranged differentlyfrom the example illustrated in FIG. 48 .

FIG. 49 illustrates a transceiver of a wireless communication deviceaccording to an embodiment. For example, FIG. 49 may illustrate anexample of a transceiver that may be implemented in a time divisionduplex (TDD) system.

In some implementations, a transmitter 9310 and a receiver 9320 of thetransceiver of the TDD system may have one or more features similar tothe transmitter and receiver of the transceiver of the FDD system.Hereinafter, the structure of the transceiver of the TDD system will bedescribed.

On a transmission path, a signal amplified by a PA 9315 of thetransmitter may be routed through a band select switch 9350, a BPF 9360,and antenna switch(s) 9370 and then transmitted through an antenna 9380.

On a reception path, the antenna 9380 receives a signal in a wirelessenvironment. The received signal may be routed through the antennaswitch(s) 9370, the BPF 9360, and the band select switch 9350 and thenprovided to the receiver 9320.

FIG. 50 illustrates an operation of a wireless device related tosidelink communication, according to an embodiment. The operation of thewireless device related to sidelink described in FIG. 50 is purelyexemplary and sidelink operations using various techniques may beperformed by the wireless device. Sidelink may be a UE-to-UE interfacefor sidelink communication and/or sidelink discovery. Sidelink maycorrespond to a PC5 interface. In a broad sense, a sidelink operationmay be transmission and reception of information between UEs. Sidelinkmay carry various types of information.

Referring to FIG. 50 , in step S9410, the wireless device may acquireinformation related to sidelink. The information related to sidelink maybe one or more resource configurations. The information related tosidelink may be obtained from other wireless devices or network nodes.

After acquiring the information related to sidelink, the wireless devicemay decode the information related to the sidelink in step S9420.

After decoding the information related to the sidelink, the wirelessdevice may perform one or more sidelink operations based on theinformation related to the sidelink in step S9430. The sidelinkoperation(s) performed by the wireless device may include the one ormore operations described in the present specification.

FIG. 51 illustrates an operation of a network node related to sidelinkaccording to an embodiment. The operation of the network node related tosidelink described in FIG. 51 is purely exemplary and sidelinkoperations using various techniques may be performed by the networknode.

Referring to FIG. 51 , in step S9510, the network node may receiveinformation about sidelink from a wireless device. For example, theinformation about sidelink may be sidelink UE information used to informthe network node of sidelink information.

After receiving the information, in step S9520, the network node maydetermine whether to transmit one or more commands related to sidelinkbased on the received information.

According to the determination of the network node to transmit thecommand(s), the network node may transmit the command(s) related tosidelink to the wireless device in step S9530. In some implementations,after receiving the command(s) transmitted by the network node, thewireless device may perform one or more sidelink operations based on thereceived command(s).

FIG. 52 illustrates implementation of a wireless device and a networknode according to one embodiment. The network node may be replaced witha wireless device or a UE.

Referring to FIG. 52 , a wireless device 9610 may include acommunication interface 9611 to communicate with one or more otherwireless devices, network nodes, and/or other elements in a network. Thecommunication interface 9611 may include one or more transmitters, oneor more receivers, and/or one or more communication interfaces. Thewireless device 9610 may include a processing circuit 9612. Theprocessing circuit 9612 may include one or more processors such as aprocessor 9613, and one or more memories such as a memory 9614.

The processing circuit 9612 may be configured to control the arbitrarymethods and/or processes described in the present specification and/orto allow, for example, the wireless device 9610 to perform such methodsand/or processes. The processor 9613 may correspond to one or moreprocessors for performing the wireless device functions described in thepresent specification. The wireless device 9610 may include the memory9614 configured to store data, program software code, and/or otherinformation described in the present specification.

In some implementations, the memory 9614 may be configured to storesoftware code 9615 including instructions for causing the processor 9613to perform a part or all of the above-described processes according tothe present disclosure when one or more processors, such as theprocessor 9613, are executed.

For example, one or more processors, such as the processor 9613, thatcontrol one or more transceivers, such as a transceiver 2223, fortransmitting and receiving information may perform one or more processesrelated to transmission and reception of information.

A network node 9620 may include a communication interface 9621 tocommunicate with one or more other network nodes, wireless devices,and/or other elements on a network. Here, the communication interface9621 may include one or more transmitters, one or more receivers, and/orone or more communication interfaces. The network node 9620 may includea processing circuit 9622. Here, the processing circuit 9622 may includea processor 9623 and a memory 9624.

In some implementations, the memory 9624 may be configured to storesoftware code 9625 including instructions for causing the processor 9623to perform a part or all of the above-described processes according tothe present disclosure when one or more processors, such as theprocessor 9623, are executed.

For example, one or more processors, such as processor 9623, thatcontrol one or more transceivers, such as a transceiver 2213, fortransmitting and receiving information may perform one or more processesrelated to transmission and reception of information.

FIG. 53 illustrates a communication system applied to an example orimplementation.

Referring to FIG. 53 , a communication system 1 applied to an example orimplementation includes a wireless device, a base station, and anetwork. Here, the wireless device means a device that performscommunication using a wireless access technology (e.g, 5G NR (New RAT),LTE (Long Term Evolution)), and may be referred to as acommunication/wireless/5G device. Although not limited thereto, thewireless device includes a robot 100 a, a vehicle 100 b-1, 100 b-2, aneXtended Reality (XR) device 100 c, a hand-held device 100 d, and a homeappliance 100 e), an Internet of Thing (IoT) device 100 f, and an AIdevice/server 400. For example, the vehicle may include a vehicleequipped with a wireless communication function, an autonomous drivingvehicle, a vehicle capable of performing inter-vehicle communication,and the like. Here, the vehicle may include an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle(UAV) (e.g, a drone). XR devices include AR (Augmented Reality)/VR(Virtual Reality)/MR (Mixed Reality) devices, and include a Head-MountedDevice (HIVID), a Head-Up Display (HUD) provided in a vehicle, atelevision, a smartphone, It may be implemented in the form of acomputer, a wearable device, a home appliance, a digital signage, avehicle, a robot, and the like. The portable device may include a smartphone, a smart pad, a wearable device (e.g, a smart watch, smartglasses), a computer (e.g, a laptop computer), and the like. Homeappliances may include a TV, a refrigerator, a washing machine, and thelike. The IoT device may include a sensor, a smart meter, and the like.For example, the base station and the network may be implemented as awireless device, and the specific wireless device 200 a may operate as abase station/network node to other wireless devices.

The wireless devices 100 a to 100 f may be connected to the network 300through the base station 200. Artificial intelligence (AI) technologymay be applied to the wireless devices 100 a to 100 f, and the wirelessdevices 100 a to 100 f may be connected to the AI server 400 through thenetwork 300. The network 300 may be configured using a 3G network, a 4G(e.g, LTE) network, or a 5G (e.g, NR) network. The wireless devices 100a to 100 f may communicate with each other through the base station200/network 300, but may also communicate directly (e.g. sidelinkcommunication) without passing through the base station/network. Forexample, the vehicles 100 b-1 and 100 b-2 may perform directcommunication (e.g., Vehicle to Vehicle (V2V)/Vehicle to everything(V2X) communication). In addition, the IoT device (e.g, sensor) maydirectly communicate with other IoT devices (e.g, sensor) or otherwireless devices 100 a to 100 f.

Wireless communication/connection 150 a, 150 b, and 150 c may beperformed between the wireless devices 100 a to 100 f/base station 200and the base station 200/base station 200. Here, the wirelesscommunication/connection includes uplink/downlink communication 150 aand sidelink communication 150 b (or D2D communication), andcommunication between base stations 150 c (eg relay, IAB (IntegratedAccess Backhaul)). This can be done through technology (eg 5G NR)Wireless communication/connection 50 a, 150 b, 150 c allows the wirelessdevice and the base station/radio device, and the base station and thebase station to transmit/receive wireless signals to each other. To thisend, based on various proposals of an example or implementation example,various configuration information setting processes for wireless signaltransmission/reception, various signal processing processes (eg, channelencoding/decoding, modulation/demodulation, resource mapping/demapping,etc.), a resource allocation process, etc. may be performed.

The aforementioned implementations are achieved by combinations ofstructural elements and features in various manners. Each of thestructural elements or features may be considered selective unlessspecified otherwise. Each of the structural elements or features may becarried out without being combined with other structural elements orfeatures. In addition, some structural elements and/or features may becombined with one another to constitute implementations. Operationorders described in implementations may be rearranged. Some structuralelements or features of one implementation may be included in anotherembodiment or may be replaced with corresponding structural elements orfeatures of another implementation.

The implementations of the present disclosure may be embodied throughvarious techniques, for example, hardware, firmware, software, orcombinations thereof. In a hardware configuration, a method according tothe implementations may be embodied as one or more application specificintegrated circuits (ASICs), one or more digital signal processors(DSPs), one or more digital signal processing devices (DSPDs), one ormore programmable logic devices (PLDs), one or more field programmablegate arrays (FPGAs), one or more processors, one or more controllers,one or more microcontrollers, one or more microprocessors, etc.

In a firmware or software configuration, the implementations may beembodied as a module, a procedure, or a function. Software code may bestored in a memory and executed by a processor. The memory is located atthe interior or exterior of the processor and may transmit and receivedata to and from the processor by various methods.

It is apparent that ordinary persons skilled in the art may performvarious modifications and variations that can be made in the presentdisclosure without departing from the spirit or scope of the disclosure.While the present disclosure has been described with reference to anexample applied to a 3GPP LTE/LTE-A system or a 5G system (or NRsystem), the present disclosure is applicable to various other wirelesscommunication systems.

1. A method of receiving, by a user equipment (UE), a signal in awireless communication system, the method comprising: receiving a firstmessage related to a safety service of the UE from a network; andtransmitting a second message based on the received first messagerelated to the safety service of the UE to the network, wherein a fielddefining a geographic area that the safety service provided in the firstmessage is compared to a position of the UE, wherein the second messageis transmitted based on determining that the UE exists within thegeographic area, wherein the first message further includes a field thatenables the UE to modify a generation interval of the second message,and wherein the UE generates the second message for safety of the UE inthe geographic area based on the field for modifying the generationinterval of the second message.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein thefield defining the geographic area includes a value related to a type ora size of the geographic area.
 3. The method of claim 1, wherein thefirst message related to the safety service of the UE includes a fieldrelated to a wakeup setting of the UE, and wherein the UE maintains awakeup state for a predetermined time in the geographic area, based onthe field related to the wakeup setting.
 4. (canceled)
 5. The method ofclaim 1, wherein the first message includes a field that requests amoving path of the UE, and wherein the UE transmits, to the network, amessage which includes a position of the UE within the geographic area,a moving path for a predetermined time or an expected moving path afterthe predetermined time, based on the field that requests the movingpath.
 6. A method of transmitting, by a network, a signal to a userequipment (UE) in a wireless communication system, the methodcomprising: receiving traffic information in a preset geographic areafrom a server; and transmitting, based on the traffic information, afirst message related to a safety service of the UE within thegeographic area to the UE, wherein a field defining a geographic areathat the safety service provided in the first message is compared to aposition of the UE, wherein a second message is transmitted based ondetermining that the UE exists within the geographic area, wherein thefirst message further includes a field that enables the UE to modify ageneration interval of the second message, and wherein the UE generatesthe second message for safety of the UE in the geographic area based onthe field for modifying the generation interval of the second message.7. The method of claim 6, wherein the first message includes the fielddefining the geographic area, and wherein the field defining thegeographic area includes a value related to a type or a size of thegeographic area.
 8. The method of claim 6, wherein the first messagerelated to the safety service of the UE includes a field related to awakeup setting of the UE, and wherein the field related to the wakeupsetting indicates that the UE will maintain a wakeup state for apredetermined time in the geographic area.
 9. (canceled)
 10. The methodof claim 6, wherein the first message includes a field that requests amoving path of the UE, and wherein the field, which requests the movingpath, indicates that the UE will transmit a message including a positionof the UE within the geographic area, a moving path for a predeterminedtime or an expected moving path after the predetermined time.
 11. A userequipment (UE) receiving a signal in a wireless communication system,the UE comprising: a transceiver; and a processor coupled with thetransceiver, wherein the processor is configured to: receive, from anetwork, a message related to a safety service of the UE through thetransceiver, and transmit a second message based on the received firstmessage related to the safety service of the UE to the network, whereina field defining a geographic area that the safety service provided inthe first message is compared to a position of the UE, and wherein thesecond message is transmitted based on determining that the UE existswithin the geographic area, wherein the first message further includes afield that enables the UE to modify a generation interval of the secondmessage, and wherein the UE generates the second message for safety ofthe UE in the geographic area based on the field for modifying thegeneration interval of the second message.
 12. The UE of claim 11,wherein the field defining the geographic area includes a value relatedto a type or a size of the geographic area.
 13. The UE of claim 11,wherein the first message related to the safety service of the VRUincludes a field related to a wakeup setting of the UE, and wherein theprocessor is further configured to maintain a wakeup state for apredetermined time in the geographic area, based on the field related tothe wakeup setting.
 14. (canceled)
 15. The UE of claim 11, wherein thefirst message includes a field that requests a moving path of the UE,and wherein the processor is further configured to transmit, to thenetwork, a message which includes a position of the UE within thegeographic area, a moving path for a predetermined time or an expectedmoving path after the predetermined time, based on the field thatrequests the moving path.
 16. A network transmitting a signal to a UE ina wireless communication system, the network comprising: a transceiver;and a processor coupled with the transceiver, wherein the processor isconfigured to: receive, from a server, traffic information in a presetgeographic area through the transceiver; and transmit, based on thetraffic information, a message related to a safety service of avulnerable road user (VRU) within the geographic area to the UE, whereina field defining a geographic area that the safety service provided inthe first message is compared to a position of the UE, wherein a secondmessage is transmitted based on determining that the UE exists withinthe geographic area, wherein the first message further includes a fieldthat enables the UE to modify a generation interval of the secondmessage, and wherein the UE generates the second message for safety ofthe VRU in the geographic area based on the field for modifying thegeneration interval of the second message.
 17. The network of claim 16,wherein the first message includes the field defining the geographicarea, and wherein the field defining the geographic area includes avalue related to a type or a size of the geographic area.
 18. Thenetwork of claim 16, wherein the first message related to the safetyservice of the UE includes a field related to a wakeup setting of theUE, and wherein the field related to the wakeup setting indicates thatthe UE will maintain a wakeup state for a predetermined time in thegeographic area.
 19. (canceled)
 20. The network of claim 16, wherein thefirst message includes a field that requests a moving path of the UE,and wherein the field, which requests the moving path, indicates thatthe UE will transmit a message including a position of the UE within thegeographic area, a moving path for a predetermined time or an expectedmoving path after the predetermined time.
 21. The method of claim 1,wherein the UE is a terminal of a vulnerable road user (VRU), the firstmessage is a VRU Safety Message (VSM) and the second message is apersonal safety message (PSM), and wherein the PSM includes a mandatefield and an optional field, the optional field is included in the PSMbased on information of the UE.
 22. The method of claim 6, wherein theUE is a terminal of a vulnerable road user(VRU), wherein the firstmessage is a VRU Safety Message (VSM) and the second message is apersonal safety message (PSM), and wherein the PSM includes a mandatefield and an optional field, the optional field is included in the PSMbased on information of the UE.
 23. The UE of claim 11, wherein thefirst message is a VRU Safety Message (VSM) and the second message is apersonal safety message (PSM), and wherein the PSM includes a mandatefield and an optional field, the optional field is included in the PSMbased on information of the VRU.
 24. The network of claim 16, whereinthe first message is a VRU Safety Message (VSM) and the second messageis a personal safety message (PSM), and wherein the PSM includes amandate field and an optional field, the optional field is included inthe PSM based on information of the VRU.